Storage of Non-structural Carbohydrates in Sweet Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.]: Comparison of Sterile and Fertile Lines

The accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in vegetative parts of sweet sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) represents an intermediate reserve pool for grain filling as well as an irreversible storage up to maturity. In order to study the effect of Sterility on soluble sugar accumulation in vegetative parts, two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines of sweet sorghum were compared with their corresponding fertile mamtainers for non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in shoots. Plants were harvested at four different physiological stages. The lines showed significant differences in the yield of non-structural carbohydrates. At maturity, the yields of soluble carbohydrates from vegetative parts of the two sterile lines were 93 % and 43 % higher than the yield of the two corresponding fertile lines. At that stage, sucrose represented about 80 % of total soluble carbohydrates and the higher yield of soluble carbohydrates of sterile lines was mainly due to the higher yield of sucrose. This indicates that the yield of extractable carbohydrates, especially sucrose, in vegetative parts of sweet sorghum could be considerably improved by using sterile lines which are utilized in hybrid production.     

Removal of flowers or inflorescences affects ‘Barnea’ olive fruitlet post-anthesis abscission

A typical olive (Olea europaea L.) inflorescence consists of about 20 flowers. However, in many cultivars, only one fruit develops. This is due to massive abscission of flowers and fruitlets, which occurs during the first month after anthesis. In this study, we used the olive cultivar 'Barnea' to characterize the abscission mechanism and to try to increase fruit set by increasing the number of developed fruit per inflorescence. Removing the lateral flowers 3 weeks before anthesis increased fruit set by more than 50%. Removing all inflorescences but one from a branch increased the number of developed fruits from 0.93 to 2.8 during 2017 and from 0.91 to 3.34 fruits per inflorescence in 2018. Sugar quantification in the pistil revealed that starch level is high on the day of anthesis and low 25 days later in abscised as well as in developed fruit. Soluble carbohydrates are low on the day of anthesis, low in abscised flowers/fruitlets 25 days after anthesis and high in developed fruit. Screening the natural variation found in the Israeli germplasm collection revealed that in most cultivars less than one fruit per inflorescence has developed. However, there are unique cultivars with a higher fruit set.     

Brown Macroalgae (Phaeophyceae): A Valuable Reservoir of Antimicrobial Compounds on Northern Coast of Spain

The search for new sources of antimicrobial compounds has become an urgent need, due to the threat that the spread of bacterial resistance represents for global health and food safety. Brown macroalgae have been proposed as a great reservoir in the search for novel antimicrobial compounds. In this study, mid-polarity extracts were performed with a selection of 20 brown macroalgae species from northern Spain. The total polyphenol, carbohydrate and protein contents were quantified by spectrophotometry. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of whole macroalgae were also studied as a biomarker of their metabolic state in the representative species of the tested families by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial potential of the extracts was assessed by a disk diffusion assay against 20 target bacteria and further determinations of the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were performed by a microdilution assay for the active extracts. Ericaria selaginoides, Bifurcaria bifurcata and Dictyota dichotoma showed an antimicrobial effect against six Gram-positive strains: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. The phenolic content was generally higher in the extracts that showed antimicrobial activity, followed by carbohydrates and low contents of proteins. The results obtained in this study reveal the potential of brown macroalgae as a promising alternative source of antimicrobial compounds as functional ingredients for the application in industrial fields.     

EFFECT OF PREVIOUS NITROGEN STARVATION ON NO3 − AND NH4 + UPTAKE AND ASSIMILATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE ENDOGENOUS SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION IN MOROCCAN WHEAT SEEDLINGS

Uptake of the two forms of nitrogen NO₃ ^? and NH₄ ⁺ and nitrate reduction have been studied in two varieties of Moroccan wheat seedlings, cvs. Sais and Jouda, cultivated under controlled conditions in a hydroponic medium. The available form of nitrogen in the medium had a direct effect on the rate of nitrogen absorption. A brief nitrogen starvation increased the root length and stimulated accumulation of soluble carbohydrates, especially in the root tissues. A resupply of nitrogen stimulated ammonium and nitrate uptake and assimilation with higher mobilization of the soluble carbohydrates previously accumulated in root seedlings. It is suggested that root nitrogen and carbohydrate status might both regulate nitrate uptake and reduction in Moroccan wheat seedlings.

The seedlings raised with the nitrate supply accumulated nitrate in the vacuole as an osmoticum. Shoots are the preferential site for such accumulation. The accumulation of mineral nitrogen was absent in the seedlings cultivated with ammonium supply but was compensated by accumulation of soluble organic nitrogen.     

白羊草光合特性及非结构性碳水化合物含量对 CO2 浓度倍增和干旱胁迫的响应

【目的】 探明 CO₂ 浓度倍增对干旱胁迫下白羊草光合特性及非结构性碳水化合物含量的影响,为未来大气 CO₂ 浓度升高以及干旱、半干旱地区水分亏缺等逆境下白羊草的生长提供理论依据和技术参数。 【方法】 盆栽试验采用裂区设计,研究了黄土丘陵区典型草本植物白羊草光合特性和非结构性碳水化合物 (NSC) 及其组分 (可溶性糖和淀粉) 的含量对不同 CO₂ 浓度 (400 μmol/mol 和 800 μmol/mol) 和不同水分处理 [35%～40% FC (重度干旱胁迫)、55%～60% FC (轻度干旱胁迫) 和 75%～80% FC (对照)] 的响应。 【结果】 CO₂ 浓度倍增和干旱胁迫对白羊草光合–光响应曲线参数和 NSC 及其组分含量有显著影响,但 2 个因素之间没有显著的交互作用。CO₂ 浓度倍增显著提高了白羊草叶片最大净光合速率 (P_max )、表观量子效率 (AQY)、光饱和点 (LSP) 和光补偿点 (LCP)(P < 0.01),而干旱胁迫则显著降低了P_max 、AQY 和LSP (P < 0.01)。CO₂ 浓度倍增和干旱胁迫均提高了白羊草地上部分可溶性糖含量。在正常 CO₂ 浓度条件下,与对照相比,轻度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫均显著降低了白羊草地上部分和根系部分淀粉含量。CO₂ 浓度倍增使对照、轻度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫处理下白羊草地上部分淀粉含量分别提高了 17.4%、44.2% 和 18.7%,根系部分淀粉含量分别提高了 17.3%、88.4% 和 54.4%。轻度和重度干旱胁迫均显著降低了正常 CO₂ 浓度条件下白羊草根系部分 NSC 含量。CO₂ 浓度倍增显著提高了对照处理和轻度干旱胁迫处理下白羊草地上部分以及轻度干旱胁迫处理和重度干旱胁迫处理下白羊草根系部分 NSC 含量。在正常 CO₂ 浓度下,轻度和重度干旱胁迫导致白羊草地上部分和根系部分可溶性糖含量与总 NSC 含量比值的显著提高。在倍增 CO₂ 浓度下,重度干旱胁迫显著提高了白羊草地上部分可溶性糖含量与总 NSC 含量的比值,而对照处理和轻度干旱胁迫处理无显著差异。 【结论】 干旱胁迫促进了白羊草体内淀粉向可溶性糖的转化,导致可溶性糖含量的升高和淀粉含量的降低。CO₂ 浓度倍增促进了白羊草地上部分和根系部分淀粉和 NSC 含量的积累,为干旱胁迫下白羊草生理代谢活动所需可溶性糖提供了来源。CO₂ 浓度升高能够缓解干旱胁迫造成的不利影响,提高了白羊草的抗旱性。      

添加槐花粉对白三叶青贮发酵品质的影响

采用单因子随机设计,研究添加不同比例的槐(Sophora japonica)花粉对白三叶(Trifolium repens)青贮发酵品质的影响,以期为槐花应用于青贮饲料生产提供科学依据.分别设置白三叶单独青贮(C)、95％白三叶+5％槐花粉青贮(T1)、90％白三叶+10％槐花粉青贮(T2)、85％白三叶+15％槐花粉...     

高温胁迫对黄瓜幼苗N素及C素代谢的影响

高温胁迫 ３ ｄ 后,黄瓜耐热品种津杂 ２ 号幼苗中蛋白质降解速率（４．３６％ ）比不耐热品种中农 １１ 号（８．５１％ ）慢;氨基酸增幅较小,耐热品种为 ２６．３４％ ,不耐热品种为 ３４．７％ ,其中脯氨酸质量分数增幅与品种耐热性呈正相关．耐热品种比不耐热品种具有较高的净光合速率（分别为７．６６、６．６４ μｍ ｏｌ·ｍ － ２·ｓ－ １）,较低的呼吸速率（分别为４４５．６６、５６３．４９ μ Ｌ·ｇ－ １ ·ｈ－ １）和乙醇酸氧化酶活性［△ Ｄ（６２０ ｎｍ ）分别为２．０２、２．４２］．解除高温胁迫后,耐热品种的蛋白质合成和净光合速率均较不耐热品种恢复得快,表明耐热品种无论在高温胁迫下或解除胁迫后均比不耐热品种具有较强的平衡 Ｎ、 Ｃ代谢的能力     

Atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment reduces carbohydrate and nitrogen reserves in overwintering Picea mariana

Abstract

Elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) can directly affect the cold hardening process in evergreens through their effect on the accumulation of carbon and nitrogen reserves. This study investigated the biochemical responses of black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] seedlings to CO₂ enrichment during growth, cold hardening and dehardening. Seedlings were grown under 350 (ambient) or 710 (elevated) ppm of CO₂ for 12 months in eight mini-greenhouses. Photoperiod and temperature were gradually lowered in autumn to induce cold hardening, and the conditions were reversed in spring to promote dehardening. At regular intervals, cold tolerance was assessed and sugars, starch and amino acid concentrations were measured. The freezing tolerance differed between the two treatments only in early autumn, with seedlings growing under high CO₂ being more tolerant. The northern ecotype was more cold tolerant with concomitant higher concentrations of sucrose, fructose, pinitol, glucose and total soluble sugars. The concentration of soluble sugars increased in needles and roots of black spruce along with cold hardening, and the concentrations of the cryoprotective sugars sucrose and raffinose were lower under elevated CO₂. Amino acid concentrations were also lower under elevated than under ambient CO_2. The lower level of reserve did not translate into a lower level of freezing tolerance.     

24个甜高粱品种主要农艺性状与品质性状遗传多样性分析

本研究对国内9份和国外15份甜高粱自交系品种的45个农艺性状和品质性状在新疆干旱区的表现进行遗传参数分析。目的是了解甜高粱种质资源在新疆干旱区的表现,为新疆干旱区甜高粱品种选育提供参考依据。遗传多样性分析表明,主要农艺、产量及品质性状的遗传多样性指数平均为1.831 9,明显高于分级性状的0.779 6。其中,茎秆产量的遗传多样性指数达到1.817 2,茎秆可溶性总糖含量遗传多样性指数为1.946 9。变异系数分析表明,各性状的遗传变异潜力较大。其中,叶鞘可溶性总糖含量变异系数最大为50.3%,播种-出苗期变异系数最小为5.7%,总体平均为23.9%。遗传参数分析表明,农艺性状平均广义遗传率为0.74;产量性状平均广义遗传率为0.92;各品质性状平均广义遗传率为0.93,其中茎秆可溶性总糖的广义遗传率达到0.99。进一步分析发现茎秆产量和茎秆可溶性总糖含量的相对遗传进度分别为81.1%和84.9%,可获得遗传增量分别是122.3和212.3g/kg,说明该甜高粱群体的茎秆产量和茎秆可溶性总糖含量均有着巨大的改良潜力。     

球磨法合成钒基催化剂及其催化生物质制备甲酸

分别采用无溶剂机械球磨法和浸渍法合成了V/ZSM-5固体催化剂,通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、N2物理吸附和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)等手段表征了催化剂的物相、表面形貌、V的价态、比表面积以及V的含量。结果表明,两种方法合成的催化剂中V元素的负载量接近(约为1.7%)。相比于传统浸渍法,本研究提出的球磨法无需任何溶剂,时间短(1 h),其合成的催化剂颗粒较小,比表面积更大(367.0 m^2·g^-1 vs 223.9 m^2·g^-1),且球磨法得到的催化剂V的价态较高,相同催化条件下球磨法合成的催化剂性能优于浸渍法合成的催化剂(45%vs 35%)。系统研究了不同实验因素对催化反应的影响规律,在温度180℃、水为溶剂、催化剂与底物质量比为1∶2、氧气3 MPa、反应时间30 min时,葡萄糖转化产甲酸的产率最高,达到45%。此外,在该球磨法合成的催化剂作用下,多种生物质基碳水化合物均能用来制备甲酸。本研究为金属负载型催化剂的设计合成提供了另一种途径,简单、高效、易操作且环境友好,对于木质纤维素类农林废弃物向高附加值化学品的转化具有重要意义。