Use of netting and whitewash spray to protect papaya plants against Nivun Haamir (NH)-dieback disease

A disease causing the decline of papaya (Carica papaya) plants was noticed in the Jordan Valley in 1982. The disease caused severe yellowing of the upper leaves and dieback of the apex. The disease was not transmissible mechanically and continued efforts to associate viruses and viroids have so far been unsuccessful. Epidemiological observations suggested that the disease is airborne and probably caused by a mollicute. In order to test this hypothesis, plots were covered by an insect-proof net and with white nets providing 15, 30 and 50% shade. The 30%, 50% and insect-proof nettings provided complete protection, and the 15% netting reduced disease incidence to <2%, compared with>37% in the uncovered control plot. Spraying plants at weekly intervals with a commercial whitewash solution was also found to be effective in reducing disease incidence. The advantages of using a range of netting field treatments as a simple means for obtaining information on the epidemiological nature of a new disease are described.     

基于CNN-Transformer的农作物病虫害知识问答意图识别与槽位填充联合模型

意图识别与槽位填充是农作物病虫害知识问答中问题理解的两个重要任务。在已有面向农业领域的研究中,上述任务仍被视为两个完全独立的子任务,并且未充分利用意图识别与槽位填充的语义信息。为此,该研究提出一种基于CNN-Transformer的意图识别与槽位填充联合模型（CDPCT-IDSF）。该模型根据农作物病虫害文本语义复杂设计CNN网络与多层Transformer结合强调局部的有用信息以缓解语义缺失问题;然后在Transformer解码器中引入对齐保证输入与输出一对一关系以提高识别正确槽位标签的能力。此外,进一步构建了包含20个意图类别、12个槽位类别和11242条标注样本的农业病虫害知识问答数据集进行对比试验,CDPCT-IDSF模型在该语料库上的槽位填充F1值为94.36%,意图识别精度为92.99%,整体识别精度为87.23%,优于其他对比模型,结果证明了所提模型在农作物病虫害意图识别与槽位填充任务上的有效性,可为面向农作物病虫害的知识问答研究提供理论支撑。     

商洛市平菇栽培及病虫害防治关键技术

商洛市作为我国平菇栽培的重要产区之一,拥有超过50年的平菇人工栽培历史,商洛地区平菇产业不仅在农业经济方面取得显著成就,而且深受市场和消费者喜爱。本文系统总结了近年来商洛市平菇的栽培技术及病虫害防治策略。详细介绍了商洛市平菇目前主推的栽培的季节及品种选择、栽培配方、制袋、养菌管理、出菇管理、采收等内容,分析了平菇的常见病虫害,并提出了相应的防治措施。这项研究为商洛地区平菇产业的发展壮大提供了技术支持。     

植物源杀菌剂大黄素甲醚对烟草病毒病的防治效果

为明确大黄素甲醚对烟草病毒病的防治效果,最佳施药时期及施用量。以0.1%大黄素甲醚水剂为试验药剂,8%宁南霉素水剂和20%盐酸吗啉胍可湿性粉剂为对照,开展田间小区试验。结果表明,0.1%大黄素甲醚水剂于移栽定植期施药防效最好,高浓度达62.81%,中、高浓度即制剂量80克/亩、100克/亩的防效与对照药剂均无显著性差异。田间观察发现大黄素甲醚对烟草有一定促生长作用。     

复方黄芪颗粒防治鸡传染性法氏囊病的疗效试验

应用复方黄芪颗粒对鸡传染性法氏囊炎病毒人工感染病例进行试验,结果表明,有效率达到80%~92%,治愈率达到68%~76%,均高于对照药物,差异极显著(P<0.01)。推荐剂量为每升饮水中加入1g复方黄芪颗粒,连用5 d。     

Therapeutic Intervention with Dietary Chitosan Nanoparticles Alleviates Fish Pathological and Molecular Systemic Inflammatory Responses against Infections

Marine bio-sourced chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) are antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agents beneficial for fish medicine. Herein, dietary CSNP was investigated for the amelioration of the systemic inflammatory responses of an induced fish model. One hundred and forty-four rainbow trout were assigned to one pathogen-free and non-supplemented group (negative control), and three challenged groups: non-supplemented (positive control), CSNP-preventive, and CSNP-therapeutic. After a feeding experiment extended for 21 days, the organosomatic indices (OSI) and molecular aspects were assessed. After a challenge experiment extended for further 28 days, CSNP-therapeutic intervention was assessed on fish survival and systemic inflammatory responses on pathology, histo-morphology, and molecular aspects. With CSNP administration, OSI nonsignificantly decreased and the relative expression of targeted inflammatory-mediator genes was significantly increased. The CSNP-therapeutic fish showed an RPS of 80% as compared to the positive control group, and CSNP-therapeutic administration retained the highest gene expression augmentation up to 28 days after the challenge. Notably, the splenic reticulin fibers framework of the CSNP-therapeutic group retained the highest integrity among the groups during the infection. After recovery, reticulin fibers density in the CSNP-therapeutic samples was significantly higher than in the negative control group, which indicates high innate immunity. Thus, CSNP showed promising biotherapeutic features enhancing fish resistance against infections.     

Hip dysplasia and dog breeding

Summary

Hip dysplasia is considered to be one of the most serious problems in dog breeding. In the past 20 years the studies of, and the attempts to control, this condition have been directed mainly to the overall picture of the abnormality of the hips. The various efforts have resulted in a decrease in the incidence of HD in several breeds of dogs. For other breeds the results have not been very convincing, however. In some instances they are even said to be conflicting with other aims of breeding. Based on these data some separate studies have recently been performded in respect of the details of the disorders in the hip joints and of the heritability of these elements.

The present study concerns itself with the roots of the disorders as they are observed in the various breeds. A great variety of data indicates that selection within the canine species for specific morphological traits must be considered as one of the most important roots of the occurrence of HD. The collected data strongly indicate that improvements in the HD status in the various breeds can be reached by selection against specific disorders of the hip joints in these breeds.     

水貂细菌性疾病的病原学调查

为调查山东省水貂常发细菌病的病原学资料,分别对患病水貂进行了病理剖检、细菌的纯培养和生化鉴定。经分离鉴定确定致病菌的种类为变形杆菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、克雷伯氏菌、耶尔森氏菌、葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌,并对水貂细菌病的发病原因和规律进行了探讨。     

菌根真菌菌剂防治作物土传病害潜力分析

 菌根真菌(mycorrhizal fungi,MF)对植物土传病害有一定的拮抗或抑制作用,能提高植物对土传病害的抗/耐病性。MF菌剂尤其是丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)及外生菌根真菌(ectomycorrhizal fungi,ECMF)菌剂作为一种生物防治剂在生产实践中的应用也是人们关心和感兴趣的问题。本文对MF菌剂防治土传病害的可能性、MF生态生理学、MF菌剂的生产、MF菌剂应用方法以及今后努力的方向进行了系统分析,并对MF菌剂防治土传病害的潜力和应用范围进行了评价。     

Cardiomyopathy in Dystrophin-Deficient Hypertrophic Feline Muscular Dystrophy

A colony of cats affected with hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy was used to study the occurrence of cardiomyopathy associated with dystrophin deficiency. Affected male and female cats, obligate carrier females, and unaffected healthy littermates were followed from 12 weeks of age into adulthood. Thoracic radiography, 2-D echocardiography, and 2-D-derived M-mode echocardiography were performed at 3-month intervals until 12 months of age and regularly thereafter. From 9 months of age, all affected cats had larger hearts than normal and carrier animals. Left ventricular wall thickness in systole and in diastole and interventricular septal thickness in systole were greater in affected cats 12 months and older when compared with normal or heterozygous animals (P < .05). The myocardium of affected cats was diffusely hypoechoic and thickened. Multiple hyperechoic foci were in the myocardium and papillary musculature. Shortening fraction was normal in all cats. Changes seen in carrier females included enlargement and hyperechogenicity of the papillary musculature after the age of 2 years. Gross and light microscopic examination revealed left ventricular wall thickening with multiple foci of mineralization in 2 of 5 hearts from dystrophin-deficient cats. Although approximately 10% of the normal dystrophin amount was present in the skeletal muscle, dystrophin could not be detected in the myocardium. Early onset concentric myocardial hypertrophy was present in all adult cats. Lesions were mainly localized in the myocardium of the left ventricular free wall and interventricular septum, papillary musculature, and the endocardium. Clinical signs of heart failure developed only infrequently in cats with hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy.