投喂率对凡纳对虾中间培育生长、生理和水环境的影响

中间培育是凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei)养殖的重要阶段,投喂率是影响此阶段养殖成效的重要参数。本研究开展为期30 d的养殖实验,研究3组投喂率(投喂率分别为体重的5%、7.5%、10%,分别命名为T5、T7.5和T10)对凡纳对虾中间培育养殖水质、微生物群落结构、非特异性免疫指标及生长性能的影响。实验期间,水体pH、盐度、温度及溶解氧均保持在适宜对虾生长的范围内。结果显示,随着实验进行,总氨氮(TAN)、亚硝态氮(NO2–-N)和化学需氧量(COD)浓度出现上升趋势,实验结束时,其浓度随投喂率升高呈现显著差异：T10>T7.5>T5。微生物群落结构分析表明,养殖水体的微生物群落丰富度和多样性随投喂率升高呈下降趋势,不同投喂率的优势门类均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 50.36%~67.53%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes, 12.09%~67.53%);在属水平上,对凡纳对虾有害的弧菌(Vibrio)相对丰度在T10组最高(37.33%)、T5组最低(0.13%);对其有益的假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas)相对丰度在T10组最低(0.28%)、T7.5组最高(9.78%)。凡纳对虾肝胰腺的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性在T10组最低、T7.5组最高(P<0.05)。T7.5和T10组对虾的体长和体重均显著大于T5组(P<0.05),但T7.5和T10组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),投喂率与存活率呈负相关,且3组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。利用因子分析对非特异性免疫指标和生长指标进行综合评价,结果表明,T7.5组得分最高,为0.92,凡纳对虾中间培育的投喂率在7.5%左右为宜。     

Settling velocity characterization of aquacultural solids

A top-loading settling column is described and used to characterize the settling properties of the solids in the discharge water from a commercial rainbow trout production facility. Mass-based and phosphorus-based settling curves are presented. The median settling velocity on a mass-basis for the settleable solids was 1.7 cm s⁻¹. The median settling velocity for the settleable phosphorus was 1.15 cm s⁻¹. Manually stripping fecal material from rainbow trout resulted in settleable solids with a median settling velocity of 0.7 cm s⁻¹. Examination of the settling velocity curves show that halving the overflow rate (OFR) from 2 to 1 cm s⁻¹ changes the removal efficiency from 0.61 to 0.73, an increase of about 20%. Halving the OFR again to 0.5 cm s⁻¹ increases the removal efficiency to 0.81, an improvement of about 11%. Settling characteristics of aquacultural solids will vary from facility to facility. The methods described in this paper can be used to perform a similar type of analysis at other aquacultural sites, which may be growing other species under different management regimes.     

Geographical information system (GIS) environmental models for aquaculture development in Sinaloa State,Mexico

This paper describes the use of a geographical information system (GIS) to construct environmental models for land-based aquaculture development in the State of Sinaloa, Mexico. Based on the source data, submodels were created focusing on three different themes: general environmental issues, water resources and water quality. Models enabled multicriteria and multiobjective decision making concerning site selection and location. In assessing site considerations these general models identified wider resource management options and solved conflicts of land allocation and land use between aquaculture and agriculture. Smaller-scale, more specific models enabled more detailed studies on environmental issues.     

荧光实时定量PCR技术及其在水产养殖研究中的应用

荧光实时定量PCR技术是近年来快速发展起来的一门新技术,它是核酸探针技术、荧光共振能量传递技术(Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer,FRET)和PCR技术的有机结合。与常规PCR相比,它具有特异性更强、有效解决PCR污染问题、自动化程度高、能较准确定量等特点。本文综述了荧光实时定量PCR技术的基本原理及几种广泛应用的荧光化学方法,并概述了荧光实时定量PCR技术在水产养殖研究领域的应用现状,并对荧光实时定量PCR技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

Performance of a closed recirculating system with foam separation, nitrification and denitrification units for intensive culture of eel: towards zero emission

The development of a closed recirculating aquaculture system that does not discharge effluents would reduce a large amount of pollutant load on aquatic bodies. In this study, eel were reared in a closed recirculating system, which consisted of a rearing tank, a foam separation unit, a nitrification unit and a denitrification unit. The foam separation unit has an inhalation-type aerator and supplies air bubbles to the rearing water. The growth of eel, which were fed a commercial diet, was satisfactory, with gross weight increases of up three times in 3 months. The survival rate under the congested experimental conditions was 91%. The foam separation unit maintained oxygen saturation in the rearing water at about 80%. Furthermore, fine colloidal substances were absorbed on the stable foam formed from eel mucus and were removed from the rearing water by foam separation. Ammonia oxidation and the removal of suspended solids were accomplished rapidly and simultaneously in the nitrification unit. The ammonia concentration and turbidity were kept at less than 1.2 mg of N per litre and 2.5 units, respectively. When the denitrification process was operated, nitrate that accumulated in the rearing water (151 mg of N per litre) was reduced to 40 mg of N per litre. The sludge was easily recovered from the nitrification and denitrification tanks, and the components were found suitable as compost. Based on these results, the intensive aquaculture of freshwater fish such as eel can be achieved using a closed recirculating system without emission.     

基于面向“企业＋农户”模式的水产安全生产管理系统的研制——以珠海市为例

研究了面向＂企业＋农户＂模式的水产安全生产管理系统,提出了相应的建议,即促进水产企业与水产农户之间的合作与互动,发挥水产企业对农户水产养殖过程的监督和指导作用,促进水产安全生产,巩固和加强珠海斗门在水产业的地位,增加农民收入,改善珠海斗门水产品安全信息化建设状况。     

淡水养殖池塘及其外河水中TOC·COD及PV的相关性分析

根据《渔业水域生态环境监测规范》(SC/T9102.3-2007),于2014年6~8月对湖州市43家水产养殖场的池塘水及其周边水体中TOC、COD及PV的含量进行测定,并分析了外河水及池塘水中PV与TOC、COD与TOC的相关关系。结果表明,池塘水中TOC、COD和PV的含量均高于其外河水,说明水产养殖自身存在较高的有机物污染。相关性分析表明,外河水中PV与TOC、COD与TOC相关性较高,相关系数分别为0.896和0.848(P0.01);池塘水中PV与TOC、COD与TOC相关性良好,但较外河水有所下降,相关系数分别为0.635和0.775(P0.01)。水产养殖水体中较高浓度的悬浮物、亚硝酸盐和氯离子等共存离子对不同有机物指标间的相关性影响较大,仅用单一测定参数预测水体中有机物污染情况局限性较大。因此,在分析养殖水体中有机物污染状况时,应根据不同水体的实际情况,选择一种适用于该水体有机物测定的参数或者将多种参数结合起来分析。     

Aquaponics and sustainability: The comparison of two different aquaponic techniques using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Aquaponics is generally regarded as a sustainable practice, but its environmental burdens were not yet deeply investigated. In this study, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to assess the environmental impacts of two hypothetical coupled aquaponics systems (CAPS): Raft System (RAFT) and Media-Filled Beds System (MFBS). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were considered as cultivated species in both systems. The Simapro^© software V.8.0 was used for calculation. The comparison between the two virtual systems indicated the floating technique as the less impacting one. Even though energy consumption appears to be higher in the floating system, LCA results were markedly influenced by the extensive use of inert materials in MFSB. In both systems, contribution analyses underlined that the main environmental impacts are related to infrastructures, electricity and fish feed. The LCA analyses carried out in this study highlights that the choice of less impacting materials, and the optimization of management practices, should be taken as priorities in order to reduce environmental impacts of this activity.     

农村固体废物回收和循环利用现状及对策

随着农业产业化发展、农村生活水平的提高和人口的迅速增长,农村固体废物种类增多,产生量大幅度增加,而且农村固体废物是重要的环境污染源和疾病传播源。因此解决农村固体废物的处理处置与资源化是农村进一步发展的迫切需要。文章针对农村固体废物污染的现状,从固体废物的组成危害以及现阶段循环利用出现的问题出发,提出了农村固体废物循环利用的相关措施及对策,对促进农村经济发展、改善农村生态环境和农民身心健康具有重要的现实意义。     

内陆水域负载量研究

综述了内陆水域水产养殖负载量的研究概况,并对各种研究方法的优点和局限性进行了评价,最后对负载量的研究前景进行了展望。