UV-absorbing compounds and susceptibility of weedy species to UV-B radiation

Stratospheric ozone (O₃) depletion has led to increased terrestrial ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation (290–320 nm). Leaves exposed to this radiation produce UV‐absorbing compounds in the epidermal cells, which protect plants from UV‐B damage. To determine the role of UV‐absorbing compounds in the UV‐B sensitivity of weeds (common chickweed (Stellaria media), downy brome (Bromus tectorum), green smartweed (Polygonum scabrum), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), spotted cat’s‐ear (Hypochoeris radicata), and stork’s‐bill (Erodium cicutarium)) seedlings were exposed to 0, 4 (field ambient), 7 (18% O₃ depletion) and 11 (37% O₃ depletion) kJ m^?2 d^?1 of biologically effective UV‐B radiation in a greenhouse. Ultraviolet‐absorbing compounds were extracted from the second true‐leaf (0.5 cm² samples) with methanol : distilled water : HCl (79 : 20 : 1) in an 85°C water bath for 15 min, and the absorbance of the extracts measured at 300 nm. The shoot dry biomass was recorded to determine the susceptibility to UV‐B radiation. Common chickweed was the most sensitive and green smartweed the least sensitive weed to UV‐B radiation. The latter accumulated more UV‐absorbing compounds and this accumulation occurred earlier compared with common chickweed. As UV‐B_BE radiation levels increased from 0 to 11 kJ m^?2 d^?1, the green smartweed shoot biomass did not decline. However, the biomass of all five susceptible species declined despite an increase in the UV‐absorbing compounds in response to increased UV‐B radiation. Therefore, formation of a ‘UV‐screen’ in these species is not sufficient to fully prevent UV‐B damage. When the concentration of UV‐absorbing compounds in the six species was plotted against their susceptibility to UV‐B radiation, no relationship was observed. Thus, while the accumulation of UV‐absorbing compounds may be a major factor in the protection of certain species against UV‐B radiation and may offer some degree of defence in other species, it does not explain UV‐B susceptibility differences in weedy species in general.     

反枝苋对咪唑乙烟酸抗性水平及分子机制

为初步明确大豆田反枝苋对咪唑乙烟酸的抗药性水平,并从分子角度对抗药性机制进行解释,以我国四川成都和黑龙江嫩江采集的反枝苋种子为材料,通过琼脂法检测了反枝苋对咪唑乙烟酸的抗药性水平,并分别对R(嫩江抗性种群)和S(成都敏感种群)的乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)部分序列进行扩增和测序。皿内生测结果表明,成都种群的GI50为11.20,嫩江种群的GI50为52.26,其抗药性指数RI为4.67。分子检测结果表明,与S种群相比,R种群反枝苋ALS位于高度保守区Domain B编码574位氨基酸的基因发生突变,TGG突变为TTG,导致色氨酸被亮氨酸取代。ALS保守区域氨基酸的替换可能是嫩江反枝苋种群对咪唑乙烟酸产生抗性的重要原因之一。     

两种喷雾助剂对氟磺胺草醚在反枝苋上的吸收和药效的影响

采用14C-氟磺胺草醚同位素标记法研究了喷雾助剂JFC 和ABS(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)对14C-氟磺胺草醚在反枝苋上的吸收和药效的影响。结果表明,在药液中添加2 g/L的JFC ,反枝苋对14C-氟磺胺草醚的吸收面积可增加1.4倍,吸收量增加3.2倍,药效提高28.5%;添加2 g/L的ABS ,反枝苋对14C-氟磺胺草醚的吸收面积增加1.3倍,吸收量增加1.0倍,药效提高19.2%。JFC不但具有促进药液在反枝苋叶面扩展的能力,还具有促进药剂渗透的能力,当添加2 g/L的JFC 时,反枝苋单位面积吸收强度增加75.7%;ABS基本上不能增加反枝苋单位面积的吸收强度,只具有促进药液扩展的能力。     

环境因子对春季大棚早熟苋菜部分品质性状的影响

研究了塑料大棚内的光照强度、气温、地温、CO2浓度及氮肥施量5个环境因子5水平的处理组合对春季早熟苋菜栽培营养品质与外观品质的影响。结果表明,苋菜体内硝酸盐含量由低到高的次序为AB>C>D>E,其中VC含量后4者比处理A分别减少了11.7%,18.4%,31.3%和32.4%,在处理A、B内,随氮肥水平提高VC含量增加,其余处理氮水平间变化不大。花青素含量分别减少了18.6%,23.5%,39.2%和52.9%,在各处理内随氮水平提高而增加,变化幅度较大。不同处理粗纤维和还原糖含量变化呈现相同趋势:B>A>C>D>E,但不同氮水平间变化趋势两者相反。光照强度显著或极显著地影响各品质指标的变化,是春季大棚早熟苋菜栽培能否获得优质的首要因子。综合评判各环境因子组合,B组(0网1膜,平均光强17 800 lx,地温21.2℃,气温23.5℃和CO2浓度1 500μmol/mol)在施氮水平为N5(300 kg/hm2)时,可以实现苋菜的优质栽培。     

饲粮中添加籽粒苋对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、血液指标和生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加籽粒苋青贮和干草对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵、营养物质表观消化率、血液指标和生产性能的影响。选取产奶量、胎次和泌乳天数等相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛45头,随机分成3组,每组15头牛。对照组粗饲料包括全株玉米青贮、羊草和苜蓿干草,试验Ⅰ组粗饲料使用籽粒苋青贮替代30%玉米青贮,试验Ⅱ组粗饲料使用籽粒苋干草替代30%苜蓿干草。3组饲粮营养水平接近。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组能显著提高粗蛋白质(CP)表观消化率、瘤胃液氨态氮(NH_3-N)和血液总氨基酸(T-AA)的含量(P0.05),对其他营养物质表观消化率、血液指标和乳成分影响不显著(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组的血液T-AA含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),对其他血液指标、瘤胃发酵指标、营养物质表观消化率和乳成分均无显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加适量的籽粒苋不会影响奶牛的生产性能,同时会提高牧场经济效益。     

云南籽粒苋种质资源的表型多样性分析

为了系统分析云南籽粒苋种质资源的表型遗传多样性。采用遗传多样性指数、主成分分析、相关分析和聚类分析对104份云南籽粒苋种质资源的30个表型性状进行研究。结果表明,遗传多样性指数最高的质量性状和数量性状分别是主花序形状(1.68)和主花序长度(2.07)。前10个主成分累计贡献率达到73.944%,单株鲜体重与第3、第6、第9主成分极显著正相关,单株粒重与第9主成分极显著正相关。聚类分析将104份种质划分为5类,第Ⅰ类群可为间套种亲本材料,第Ⅱ和Ⅲ类群可为大粒亲本材料,第Ⅳ类群可为优质饲用亲本材料,第Ⅴ类群可为观赏类亲本材料。云南籽粒苋种质资源表型性状具有丰富的遗传多样性,有较大的开发利用潜力。     

GNA和ACA双价转基因烟草培育及其抗蚜研究

蚜虫是一种常见的农作物害虫,作为多种植物病毒的载体而成为影响农业发展的重要害虫之一,对蚜虫的防治一直是众多科学工作者所面对的难题。构建了雪花莲凝集素(GNA)和苋菜凝集素(ACA)双价植物表达载体pBI121-GA,在农杆菌介导下,叶盘法转化烟草NC89,得到卡那霉素抗性植株65株。通过基因组PCR、ELISA、RT-PCR和Western-blot等分子生物学检测,从中筛选出外源凝集素不同表达水平的转基因烟草5株。对筛选出的5株转基因烟草植株进行初步蚜虫抗性实验,证实转基因烟草对桃蚜表现出一定的抗性,最高抑制率达85.8%,为农作物双价抗蚜基因的应用研究提供一定的理论基础。     

过氧化钙对苋菜常温活体保鲜效果的影响

向营养液中添加过氧化钙,考察其对苋菜(A maranthus tricolor L.)常温活体保鲜效果的影响.结果表明,与不添加过氧化钙的处理相比,0.025、0.100、0.250 g/L过氧化钙处理均能极显著延长苋菜的货架期,并延缓苋菜含水量、叶绿素、可溶性糖和维生素C含量的降低;其中以0.100 g/L过氧化钙的保鲜效果最佳.     

Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on weed seedbank size and composition

Size and composition of the weed seedbank was assessed after 12 years of application of four tillage systems in two crop rotations. Mouldboard and chisel ploughing at 45 cm, minimum tillage at 15 cm and no tillage were compared in continuous winter wheat and a pigeon bean/winter wheat 2-year rotation. Weed control was based upon post-emergence herbicide application. Weed seedling emergence from soil samples taken at 0–15, 15–30 and 30–45 cm depths was assessed in a non-heated glasshouse for 12 months. The tillage system influenced weed seedbank size and composition to a much greater extent than crop rotation. Total weed seedling density was higher in no tillage, minimum tillage and chisel ploughing plots in the 0–15, 15–30 and 30–45 cm layers respectively. Density in the whole (0–45 cm) layer did not differ significantly among tillage systems. With no tillage, more than 60% of the total seedlings emerged from the surface layer, compared with an average 43% in the other tillage systems. Crop rotation did not influence either weed seedbank size or seedling distribution among soil layers, and only had a small influence on major species abundance. The weed seedbank was dominated (>66%) by Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. and Amaranthus retroflexus (L.), which thrived in chisel ploughing and no tillage respectively. Results suggested that crop rotation and substitution of mouldboard ploughing by non-inversion tillage (especially by minimum tillage) would not result in increased weed problems, whereas use of no tillage might increase weed infestations because of higher seedling recruitment from the topsoil.     

UV-B radiation increases paraquat tolerance of two broad-leaved and two grass weeds in relation to changes in herbicide absorption and photosynthesis

Depletion of the protective ozone layer in the atmosphere leads to increasing UV‐B radiation on the earth's surface with potential effects on the response of plants to different stresses. Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus retroflexus, Digitaria sanguinalis and Chloris virgata are common weeds encountered in most arable fields in China. The effectiveness of herbicides used in controlling these weeds needs to be evaluated with increased UV‐B radiation. Seedlings of these four weeds were therefore grown under ambient and elevated UV‐B radiation to compare the efficacy of paraquat, a commonly used contact herbicide. Irrespective of species sensitivity to radiation, the elevated UV‐B radiation decreased the effectiveness of paraquat. Net photosynthesis rate was adversely affected except for D. sanguinalis, while the chlorophyll content was significantly reduced in A. retroflexus and C. virgata. UV‐B treatment increased the leaf surface wax and decreased the absorption of ¹⁴C‐paraquat in A. theophrasti, D. sanguinalis and C. virgata. These results suggest that the response of weeds to paraquat or the use of the herbicide may be affected by increased UV‐B radiation, to the extent that larger doses may be required to achieve desired effects. This may have damaging consequences for the environment.