鱼鳞制胶及其综合利用

鱼鳞很适合提取优质胶。通过酸碱水解和酶促水解的比较，得出酶解工艺更适合鱼鳞制胶，并确定了酶解的最佳条件。鱼鳞胶的应用非常广泛，其副产品也可以利用。     

鱼鳞坑开沟双犁体翻转机构研究设计

双犁体翻转机构是对已有的发明专利机型即鱼鳞坑开沟犁装置的进一步优化设计,解决了在单犁体鱼鳞坑开沟犁返程时因开沟翻土方向不在坡下而是在开出的沟上面的作业问题。新研制翻转式鱼鳞坑开沟工作结构装置,应用机械、液压、电控装置实现了不同土壤类型的鱼鳞坑开沟间距式作业,生产效率高,性能可靠,市场前景广阔。     

1例全骨盆以下离断伤消化道重建术后患者的远期效果评估

目的评价1例全骨盆以下离断伤消化道重建术患者远期生活质量。方法 1例全骨盆以下离断伤患者行消化道重建术,术中保留右半结肠,行横结肠造瘘建立人工肛门。术后1、2、3个月及1、2、3、5、9 a记录14项消化道重建术后随访内容,采用3级评分标准。结果患者住院616 d,借助下肢康复材料生活基本自理。术后6个月时饮食类型、饮食量、进食时间、饭后腹胀、烧心感、失眠、体质量减轻、吞咽困难、呕吐和头晕项均达3分,术后2 a起患者消化道重建术后随访内容的评分为42分,达正常成人水平。结论全骨盆离断伤后消化道重建可为患者的长期生存提供保障。     

次黄嘌呤生物传感器检测鱼类新鲜度之研究

检测鱼类新鲜度的常规方法是测定其总挥发性盐基氮（ＴＶＢ－Ｎ）或细菌菌落总数，手续繁琐且代价较高，本文提出的方法是一种新颖的快速检测法。实验表明，在鱼的腐败过程中，总挥发性盐基氮（ＴＶＢ－Ｎ，国标）、细菌落落总数和次黄嘌呤（Ｈｘ）的量之间皆存在着良好的相关性。因此，鱼腐烂而累积于组织的次黄嘌呤量可以指示鱼类的新鲜度，生物传感器快速检测法将取代现有的常规手段。     

Guidance of groups of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to allow sorting by computer vision

Prior to marketing, ornamental tropical fish are currently sorted, graded and counted manually; a process that is labor intensive, stressful to fish and inaccurate. Manipulation of fish movements at our will is a key element in the development of a device for automatically sorting, grading and counting fish by a computer vision system, and the present study is one step towards the development of such a fish-friendly sorting device. The positive phototactic and rheotactic innate responses of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were exploited to induce them to swim through transparent pipes or narrow channels, to render them ready for inspection by a computer vision system. Water flow direction and velocity, water level, and illumination were effective in inducing fish to move from one container into the other via a narrow transparent pipe. It was attempted to separate guppies moving in groups into individually spaced fish, by introducing an obstacle into a narrow channel or narrowing the transparent pipe.     

Flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), hatcheries: studies on broodstock, eggs, fry and environment

The occurrence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum at four rainbow trout hatcheries was investigated to provide more knowledge about the reservoirs and transmission of this bacterium. Broodstock were sampled at stripping (including both unfertilized and fertilized eggs), and the offspring were then sampled at the eyed egg and fry stages. Water and surface samples (e.g. hatchery trays) were also sampled. Flavobacterium psychrophilum was found in ovarian fluid and milt, indicating that broodstock may serve as a reservoir and are latent carriers of the pathogen. Flavobacterium psychrophilum was not found on or inside eggs, but further egg studies will be necessary to elucidate the possibility of vertical transmission of the pathogen. Flavobacterium psychrophilum was isolated from water samples, but only from water that had been in close contact with farmed rainbow trout or eggs. Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates were characterized and compared with well-characterized strains, using degradation of elastin, serotype and ribotype profiles. Different ribotypes of F. psychrophilum were found between hatcheries, but a common ribotype A was found at all four hatcheries. Different ribotypes were found in broodstock without clinical disease, whereas only a few ribotypes (mostly ribotype A) were found in diseased fry. The same ribotype A was found in broodstock, in water samples from hatchery trays and in fry, which suggests the possibility of transmission of F. psychrophilum between broodstock and offspring.     

盐度对黄鲷胚胎发育及早期仔鱼生长的影响

The effect of salinity on embryo and early larva development of Dentex tumiforns was discussed. Floating forms of egg in different salinities, optimal salinity for embryonic development and early larva growth was studied. The results showed: 1. In immobile condition, all eggs sank at salinity of 32.0, most of egg ssuspended in the middle of water at 34.0, and all eggs floated on the surface when salinity above 36.0. 2. Eggs did not hatch out at salinity of below 10.0 or above 60.0 and the death time of egg gradually moved up with increase or decline of salinity. Eggs hatched out at salinity range of 15.0 and 50.0, including abnormal larva. There was indistinct difference in speed of embryonic development (about 36-40h) within the salinity of 15.0 and 50.0. However the salinity had a great effect on larval survival after hatching and abnormal rate. The relation between hatching rate and salinity variation showed parabola but abnormal rate showed inverted parabola. The hatching rate was 81%-86% and abnormal rate of yolk sac larva was 27%-30% in suitable salinities of 27.0-39.0. The hatching rate was 89%-91% and abnormal rate was 13%-16% in optimal salinities of 33.0-36.0. The oil ball of abnormal larva was located in the central or front position. With increased extent of salinity, spondyle of larva bended and number of larva with arrhythmia increased. 3. The optimal salinities were 30.0-35.0 based on SAI. The test with SAI showed that SAI of early larvae was 41.25-47.53 at salinities of 30.0-35.0, the yolk and oil ball of 7-8 days larva was completely absorbed with a survival rate of 88%.     

In vitro interactions between Neoparamoeba sp. and Atlantic salmon epithelial cells

Neoparamoeba sp., including the putative aetiological agent of amoebic gill disease in cultured fish (N. pemaquidensis), were incubated in vitro with an Atlantic salmon gill epithelium (RGE-2) cell line. Proliferation by the amoeba population was dependent upon culture osmolarity; no growth occurred at 330 mm x kg(-1) but a sixfold increase was observed at 1000 mm x kg(-1). At 780 mm x kg(-1) there was a fourfold increase in the amoeba population but a concurrent decrease in RGE-2 cell density that was significantly greater than that caused by the high culture osmolarity alone. This apparent cytopathic effect (CPE) developed rapidly and resulted in complete cytolysis of the monolayer in 5 days. CPE occurred in multiple foci and presented as cell vacuolation, rounding and clumping, and the rapid clearance of large areas of the cell monolayer. The possibility that CPE is because of the presence of Neoparamoeba sp. derived cytolytic products is discussed in the context of the pathology of the disease in vivo and the occurrence of secreted cytopathogenic compounds in other amoeba species.     

Biological implications of recreational shore angling and harvest in a marine reserve: the case of Cape Creus

• 1. Recreational shore fishing along the coast of the marine reserve of Cap de Creus (NW Mediterranean) was studied in 2007 and 2009 based on roving creel surveys (on‐site angler surveys during which anglers' harvests are examined by the survey clerk). The study aimed to assess the biological impacts of this leisure activity on coastal fish stocks and the potential risks arising from the use of exotic baits.
• 2. Recreational shore fishers employ seven different fishing techniques, of which the bottom fishing rod (a fishing rod whose hooks, together with the bait, lie on the bottom or near it by means of a heavy weight) is by far the most widely used method (nearly 90% of observations). In total, 25 fish species were identified in the catch from the bottom fishing rod.
• 3. The estimated annual shore fishing catches (c.3 tons) are much lower than those obtained by recreational boat and spear fishing (c.20 tons each), and those from commercial (artisanal) fishing (c.50 tons). The weighted mean vulnerability index and trophic level values in the catch from the bottom fishing rod are 52.2 and 4.03, respectively.
• 4. A minimum of 43% of the baits used by the shore anglers were live, non‐native species (mostly polychaetes).
• 5. Overall, results highlight the impact of shore angling on coastal fish communities of a protected area and the increasing environmental risks arising from the use of exotic marine baits, which constitute a potential and unregulated vector of introduction of non‐native species in the Mediterranean. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

The interaction among age,thermal acclimation and growth rate in determining muscle metabolic capacities and tissue masses in the threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus

Thermal acclimation may directly modify muscle metabolic capacities, or may modify them indirectly via effects upon physiological processes such as growth, reproduction or senescence. To evaluate these interacting effects, we examined the influence of thermal acclimation and acclimatization upon muscle metabolic capacities and tissue masses in 1 + stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, in which confounding interactions between temperature and senescense should be absent. Furthermore, we examined the influence of thermal acclimation upon individual growth rate, muscle enzyme levels and tissue masses in 2 + stickleback sampled at the beginning of their final reproductive season. For 1 + stickleback, cold acclimation more than doubles mitochondrial enzyme levels in the axial muscle. Thermal acclimation did not change the condition of 1 + stickleback at feeding levels which could not maintain the condition of 2+ stickleback. Compensatory metabolic responses to temperature were not apparent in field acclimatized 1 + stickleback. The growth rate of 2 + stickleback was markedly affected by temperature: warm-acclimated fish generally lost mass even at very high levels of feeding (up to 78 enchytraid worms per day) while cold-acclimated fish gained mass. This suggests that warm temperatures accelerate the senescence of 2 + stickleback. Generally, muscle enzyme activities increased with growth rate. In axial muscle, the relationships between CS activity and growth rate differed with acclimation temperature. Independent of the influence of growth rate, CS activities were consistently higher in cold- than warm-acclimated 2 + stickleback, suggesting compensatory increases of CS activity with cold acclimation. Corresponding author; This paper is dedicated to the memory of Gerry J. FitzGerald who passed away on March 14, 1994.