再论超级麦育种

优质、高产、多抗是我国小麦育种的主要目标。为了高效利用资源和保护环境 ,应从提高肥水利用效率入手 ,培育超级麦品种 ,来实现少种多收、提高经济效益的目标。超级麦是肥水利用效率高、品质好、高产、抗逆性好的新一类生产品种的总称。培育超级麦品种需要革新现有育种技术 ,改良品种的代谢特性 ,提高对土壤、氮、磷、水分等资源的使用效率     

水分胁迫条件下燕麦对不同氮水平的光合响应

以燕麦为试材,研究了在轻度水分胁迫条件下,不同氮水平对燕麦在孕穗开花期旗叶的光合特性的影响。结果表明,轻度的水分胁迫抑制了燕麦旗叶的光合作用,而在此条件下,高氮水平可以明显增加燕麦的光合效率和蒸腾速率,增大气孔导度,使其中的某些光合指标接近于正常水肥供应下的水平。     

具时滞能源价格模型的动力学性质

以滞量τ为分支参数,研究了具时滞的能源价格模型的动力学行为,这些行为包括：系统在平衡点附近的稳定性,局部Hopf分支的存在性,发生条件Hopf分支的方向,分支周期解的稳定性以及分支随参数变化其周期解的周期变化.最后通过数值模拟验证了理论分析结果,并用分支理论解释了能源价格模型产生且维持周期振荡的原因.     

超级稻扬粳4227机插秧壮秧培育技术

应用高吸水种衣剂种子包衣,研究其在扬粳4227机插秧上的应用效果,分析不同药种比种子包衣处理对水稻秧苗出苗率、成苗率、秧苗素质及秧苗根系形态特性的影响,结果表明,适宜药种比包衣(1∶30)处理出苗率、成苗率分别比不包衣处理高出3.93个百分点和7.35个百分点;且壮秧率大幅度提高,秧苗素质明显增强;同时还起到了适当增强秧龄弹性,延长适栽期的效果。     

不同水分条件下玉米秸秆还田对小麦群体发育和干物质积累及产量的影响

为探究土壤水分与秸秆还田对小麦生长的交互作用,通过防雨棚微区控水试验,研究了不同土壤水分条件下玉米秸秆粉碎翻压还田对小麦群体数量、干物质积累、籽粒产量等的影响。结果表明,干旱条件下,小麦群体数量、叶面积指数、干物质积累量、成穗数和产量显著降低,最大根冠比出现时间推迟至开花期;与秸秆不还田(CK)相比,秸秆还田(RS)处理的群体最大茎数提高了8.5%,灌浆期根冠比增加12.26%,但生育后期的叶面积指数显著降低,穗数、千粒重、产量和收获指数也分别下降5.10%、3.17%、15.46%和8.39%;轻旱和适宜水分条件下,根冠比在拔节期达到最大值,RS处理的群体最大茎数较CK增加12.04%~14.18%;拔节期根冠比显著增加,灌浆期则相反;RS处理的不孕小穗数减少了14.91%~18.98%,穗粒数和产量则分别提高9.18%~26.30%及5.76%~6.96%。在轻旱或适宜水分条件下,秸秆还田可以改善小麦群体质量,协调植株地上部与根系的生长,最终提高籽粒产量;而土壤干旱时不宜进行秸秆还田。     

不同耕作方式对土壤水分及玉米生长发育的影响

针对辽宁省中北部地区土壤耕层变浅、犁地层变硬等问题,以当地传统的耕作方式秋季旋耕为对照,设置秋季旋耕后翻耕25 cm、秋季旋耕后深松30 cm、秋季旋耕后隔年深松30 cm 3种耕作方式,探讨不同耕作方式对土壤水分和玉米生长发育的影响。结果表明,翻耕或深松处理均有利于土壤含水量的提高,其中以秋季旋耕后深松30 cm和秋季旋耕后翻耕25 cm的保墒效果最佳;翻耕或深松处理均增加了根冠比和产量,提高了玉米叶片酶活性,延缓了玉米生育后期叶片的衰老,其中以秋季旋耕后翻耕25 cm效果最佳。秋季旋耕后翻耕25 cm的耕作方式较好。     

内蒙古玉米机械粒收质量及其影响因素研究

2013～2017年在内蒙古开展9组机械粒收品种筛选与技术集成示范,共获得97个品种/组合139个品次样本数据。收获时采取机械粒收测产方式对其中6组试验进行产量和收获质量测试,结果表明,收获时子粒破碎率均值为9.89%,产量总损失率均值为5.77%,高于国标(GBT-21961—2008)规定≤5%的要求。子粒含水率均值为26.78%,含水率与破碎率、杂质率呈显著正相关。按子粒含水率和单产水平2个指标采用双向平均法作图进行品种分类,对97个供试品种/组合进行初步筛选,吉单66等15个品种表现出子粒含水率低、单产水平高的特点,适合机械粒收。     

Spatial variability in the growth of direct-seeded rainfed lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in northeast Thailand

Large within-field variation in rice growth often causes production loss in broadcast-seeded (BC) rainfed lowland rice. The spatial variability of direct-seeded rainfed lowland rice was evaluated in 2004, 2005, and 2007 in on-station experiments at Ubon Ratchathani, northeast Thailand, in relation to soil water content and weed infestation, by adopting semivariogram and block kriging, including comparisons among BC with harrowing (BCH; no weeding), BC with no harrowing (BCNH; no weeding), and row-seeded (RS; interrow weeding once) fields. BCH and BCNH were also compared in 11 farmers’ fields in 2006 and 2007, to assess the effect of harrowing on rice growth and weed infestation. During most of the rice growing periods, flooded and non-flooded portions existed simultaneously in the fields, with different proportions among years and among seeding methods in the on-station experiment. BCH and BCNH rice had large within-field variation in seedling density, heading date, shoot dry matter, grain yield, harvest index, panicle density, and filled spikelet per panicle, as well as in weed infestation, measured by a quick visual estimation. Many of the measured variables (except mean soil water content in RS in 2007, seedling density in BCH in 2005 and 2007, shoot dry matter in BCH and BCNH in 2007, and panicle density in BCH in 2007) were spatially dependent (i.e., data from nearby locations were most similar) by geostatistical analysis. Analysis of correlations using the 420 data sets of BCH plots in 2005 and BCH, BCNH, and RS plots in 2007 revealed a positive correlation between soil water content and grain yield and negative correlations between weed infestation and soil water content and grain yield. Compared with BCH, in 2007 BCNH had much lower grain yield because of lower soil water content after establishment and more weed infestation. BCH had higher grain yield than BCNH in weedy fields in the farmers’ fields experiment. RS with interrow weeding resulted in a smaller coefficient of variation, smaller sill value, and higher grain yield than BCH, due to less weed infestation and a higher proportion of flooded water. These results indicated that reducing the spatial variability in rice growth requires careful field preparation, such as harrowing to level the soil surface and to reduce the uneven distribution of standing water and the variability in soil water content, combined with effective crop and weed management (i.e., harrowing and row-seeding). This is the first study that examined spatial variability in the growth of direct-seeded rice as a function of soil water content and weed infestation in a rainfed lowland environment.     

越冬期测墒补灌对冬小麦光合特性和水分利用效率的影响

为了解越冬期测墒补灌对冬小麦光合特性和水分利用效率的影响,于2013-2014年小麦生长季,选用高产冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,在大田条件下,依据0~40 cm土层进行测墒补灌。设置5个试验处理,即全生育期不灌水（W0）、越冬期不灌水（W1）、越冬期补灌至土壤相对含水量70%（W2）,越冬期补灌至土壤相对含水量75%（W3）及越冬期+拔节期+开花期各灌溉60 mm（W4）,其中W1、W2和W3处理在越冬期补灌基础上于拔节期和开花期分别补灌至土壤相对含水量的65%和70%,对不同水分条件下冬小麦叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、干物质积累、籽粒产量和水分利用效率进行了分析。结果表明,小麦各生育期总灌水量为W4＞W3＞W2＞W1＞W0。在灌浆中期,小麦旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均表现为W4＞W2、W3＞W1＞W0,拔节期、开花期和成熟期干物质积累量表现为W4＞W2＞W3＞W1＞W0;W2处理开花后干物质积累量和对籽粒的贡献率与W4处理无显著差异,均显著高于W0、W1和W3处理;各处理籽粒产量表现为W4＞W2、W3＞W1＞W0;水分利用效率表现为W2＞W1、W3＞W4＞W0。依据0~40 cm土层进行测墒补灌,小麦越冬期土壤目标相对含水量达70%的W2处理的补灌水量低于W3和W4处理,籽粒产量和水分利用效率较优,分别为8 864. 46 kg·hm^-2和22.14 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,是高产节水的最佳灌溉处理。     

马铃薯叶片水分利用效率及相关生理性状研究

试验于2011年在哈尔滨东北农业大学香坊试验实习基地进行,以4个马铃薯品种为材料,通过盆栽控水试验对马铃薯的叶片水分利用率（LWUE）及与其相关生理性状进行研究。结果表明,在水分胁迫下参试品种的叶片水分利用效率均表现为花期〉蕾期〉苗期〉收获期,且品种间叶片水分利用率差异显著。光合速率、蜡质、可溶性糖含量与LWUE呈极显著正相关。蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度与LWUE呈显著负相关,气孔导度与LWUE呈极显著负相关。