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991.
992.
为了使标准城门洞形断面正常水深的求解具有简单的显函数计算公式,对标准城门洞形断面正常水深的基本方程进行恒等变形,将水面位于底角圆弧段和顶弧段正常水深的超越方程以及水面位于侧边直线段正常水深的高次方程,变成无量纲化正常水深与已知量综合参数的单变量函数方程.引入准线性函数的概念并将准线性函数作为标准模板,再对正常水深的单变量函数方程应用准线性函数标准模板,在工程常用范围即无量纲化正常水深y∈[0.051,.80]范围内进行优化计算及准线性函数逼近,得到了超越方程和高次方程的替代函数方程,替代函数具有类似于线性函数形式,即正常水深的准线性显函数表达式,并进行误差分析.结果表明,在隧洞底部圆弧段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.36%,侧边直线段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.31%,顶弧段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.39%,说明准线性公式在隧洞有效水深范围内计算的水深准确度较高,可为排灌输水隧洞的断面设计及实现渠道水位控制时确定均匀流水深提供参考. 相似文献
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云南高原湖泊地区水资源脆弱性评价研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
针对云南高原湖泊独特的生态环境及水资源现状,构建了基于压力状态响应模型的高原湖泊水资源脆弱性评价指标体系。以湖泊区域典型代表玉溪市近30年水资源变化情况为案例,运用集对评价法对高原湖泊水资源脆弱性进行分析评价。结果表明:该区域2005-2007年水资源脆弱性程度为中度脆弱,并呈现一定的恶化趋势,表明目前高原湖泊的水资源承载能力与区域经济、社会发展和生态环境保护方面存在显著错位情况,亟待加强水环境保护与综合整治。 相似文献
995.
主成分分析法是一种降维的多元统计分析方法,运用主成分分析法对水质进行评价,能够反映水质的综合状况。清原县农村饮用水汛期污染较为严重,针对汛期农村饮用水水质污染特征,选取具有代表性的14个采样点进行监测分析,以《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749—2006)为标准,筛选出污染指标,然后采用主成分分析法对其水质(污染指标)进行综合评价。结果显示:清原县农村饮用水水质问题主要是微生物污染;大孤家镇采样点水质最差,其次是土口子,北三家采样点水质最好,评价结果与实际情况相一致;主成分分析法以较少的综合指标反映了实际情况,是一种切实可行的综合评价方法。 相似文献
996.
水资源空间分布状况直接决定着生态安全。参照洛仑兹曲线原理及基尼系数的计算方法,构建水资源与耕地、GDP和人口分布的空间匹配度系数,以此来衡量水资源分布与耕地资源、GDP和人口分布的空间匹配程度,得到海南省水资源与耕地资源、GDP和人口分布的空间匹配比较均衡的结果,目前海南省的生态处于安全状态。 相似文献
997.
Elin Enfors Jennie Barron Hodson MakuriraJohan Rockström Siza Tumbo 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(11):1687-1695
Yield levels in smallholder farming systems in semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa are generally low. Water shortage in the root zone during critical crop development stages is a fundamental constraining factor. While there is ample evidence to show that conservation tillage can promote soil health, it has recently been suggested that the main benefit in semi-arid farming systems may in fact be an in situ water harvesting effect. In this paper we present the result from an on-farm conservation tillage experiment (combining ripping with mulch and manure application) that was carried out in North Eastern Tanzania from 2005 to 2008. Special attention was given to the effects of the tested treatment on the capacity of the soil to retain moisture. The tested conservation treatment only had a clear yield increasing effect during one of the six experimental seasons (maize grain yields increased by 41%, and biomass by 65%), and this was a season that received exceptional amounts of rainfall (549 mm). While the other seasons provided mixed results, there seemed to be an increasing yield gap between the conservation tillage treatment and the control towards the end of the experiment, and cumulatively the yield increased with 17%. Regarding soil system changes, small but significant effects on chemical and microbiological properties, but not on physical properties, were observed. This raises questions about the suggested water harvesting effect and its potential to contribute to stabilized yield levels under semi-arid conditions. We conclude that, at least in a shorter time perspective, the tested type of conservation tillage seems to boost productivity during already good seasons, rather than stabilize harvests during poor rainfall seasons. Highlighting the challenges involved in upgrading these farming systems, we discuss the potential contribution of conservation tillage towards improved water availability in the crop root zone in a longer term perspective. 相似文献
998.
Comparisons of energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice fields in the Philippines 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Ma. Carmelita R. Alberto Reiner Wassmann Takashi HiranoAkira Miyata Ryusuke HatanoArvind Kumar Agnes PadreModesto Amante 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(9):1417-1430
The seasonal and annual variability of sensible heat flux (H), latent heat flux (LE), evapotranspiration (ET), crop coefficient (Kc) and crop water productivity (WPET) were investigated under two different rice environments, flooded and aerobic soil conditions, using the eddy covariance (EC) technique during 2008-2009 cropping periods. Since we had only one EC system for monitoring two rice environments, we had to move the system from one location to the other every week. In total, we had to gap-fill an average of 50-60% of the missing weekly data as well as those values rejected by the quality control tests in each rice field in all four cropping seasons. Although the EC method provides a direct measurement of LE, which is the energy used for ET, we needed to correct the values of H and LE to close the energy balance using the Bowen ratio closure method before we used LE to estimate ET. On average, the energy balance closure before correction was 0.72 ± 0.06 and it increased to 0.99 ± 0.01 after correction. The G in both flooded and aerobic fields was very low. Likewise, the energy involved in miscellaneous processes such as photosynthesis, respiration and heat storage in the rice canopy was not taken into consideration.Average for four cropping seasons, flooded rice fields had 19% more LE than aerobic fields whereas aerobic rice fields had 45% more H than flooded fields. This resulted in a lower Bowen ratio in flooded fields (0.14 ± 0.03) than in aerobic fields (0.24 ± 0.01). For our study sites, evapotranspiration was primarily controlled by net radiation. The aerobic rice fields had lower growing season ET rates (3.81 ± 0.21 mm d−1) than the flooded rice fields (4.29 ± 0.23 mm d−1), most probably due to the absence of ponded water and lower leaf area index of aerobic rice. Likewise, the crop coefficient, Kc, of aerobic rice was significantly lower than that of flooded rice. For aerobic rice, Kc values were 0.95 ± 0.01 for the vegetative stage, 1.00 ± 0.01 for the reproductive stage, 0.97 ± 0.04 for the ripening stage and 0.88 ± 0.03 for the fallow period, whereas, for flooded rice, Kc values were 1.04 ± 0.04 for the vegetative stage, 1.11 ± 0.05 for the reproductive stage, 1.04 ± 0.05 for the ripening stage and 0.93 ± 0.06 for the fallow period. The average annual ET was 1301 mm for aerobic rice and 1440 mm for flooded rice. This corresponds to about 11% lower total evapotranspiration in aerobic fields than in flooded fields. However, the crop water productivity (WPET) of aerobic rice (0.42 ± 0.03 g grain kg−1 water) was significantly lower than that of flooded rice (1.26 ± 0.26 g grain kg−1 water) because the grain yields of aerobic rice were very low since they were subjected to water stress.The results of this investigation showed significant differences in energy balance and evapotranspiration between flooded and aerobic rice ecosystems. Aerobic rice is one of the promising water-saving technologies being developed to lower the water requirements of the rice crop to address the issues of water scarcity. This information should be taken into consideration in evaluating alternative water-saving technologies for environmentally sustainable rice production systems. 相似文献
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