冬小麦根层土壤水量平衡的系统动力学模型

为获取冬小麦根系层水量转化情况,该文采用系统动力学的建模思想和Vensim软件构建了冬小麦一维逐日土壤水量平衡模型。模型将2m土层概化为十个串联的水箱,计算了灌溉降雨后的土壤水分下渗、土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾、毛管上升补给和水分重分配等物理过程。利用河北省石津灌区军齐干渠北二支一斗渠2007－2009年两季冬小麦的田间试验资料对模型进行了率定和验证,结果显示率定期和验证期的平均残差比例和分散均方根比例均在15%以内。三种极端条件测试和六种参数的敏感性测试以及与Hydrus-1模型的比较表明模型假定合理,没有发生结构性错误。对灌区两季冬小麦生育期的土壤水分转化进行模拟,结果表明降雨和灌溉是主要供水水源,毛管水上升量很小,底部渗漏较大,而土壤储水量变化很小。     

不同灌溉条件下保水剂对新疆棉花生长及产量的影响

为指导新疆灌溉棉区棉花节水灌溉和增产,通过大田试验,比较研究5种不同灌溉条件下保水剂对棉花生长、干物质积累与分配、水分吸收及产量的影响。结果表明,施用保水剂能不同程度地抑制棉花株高,使主茎叶数、单株蕾数和叶面积减小,但单株铃数会增加。保水剂能促进棉花根系和蕾铃发育,使干物质由营养器官向生殖器官的分配比增加13.8%～25.8%,同时增强了水分由根系向茎叶的运输能力。适宜减量灌溉（常规灌量的40%以上）条件下,施用保水剂在节水21.1%以上的前提下,仍能较对照（充足灌溉,且无保水剂）增产6.7%～22.0%;即使是以常规灌量的40%进行灌溉,施保水剂也能保障棉花不减产。在该试验条件下,常规灌量的80%为最适灌溉量,能使棉花产量较对照显著提高22.0%（有保水剂）和7.4%（无保水剂）。初步分析认为,引起棉花增产的直接原因是单株铃数和单铃质量增加,间接原因是保水剂调控了不同器官干物质的积累与分配,以及水分代谢状况。     

黄土高原北部草地表层土壤水分状态空间模拟

为探明黄土高原北部草地表层土壤水分空间分布特征及其与环境因素的关系,该文用自回归状态空间模型和经典统计的线性回归模型对该区草地表层土壤含水率的分布状况进行了模拟。结果表明,状态空间方程可以应用于环境因素复杂的黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区,其拟合效果优于线性回归模型。单因素中基于饱和导水率的模拟效果最佳（R2 = 0.936）;多因素模拟中以饱和导水率+海拔+凋落物模拟效果最佳（R2 = 0.976）,可以很好地解释表层土壤水分的变异状况。自回归状态空间模型可用于研究黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错区表层土壤水分与其他因素的空间关系。     

控水处理对胡杨、灰胡杨生长特性及水分利用效率的影响

为提高塔里木盆地农田防护林灌溉水的利用效率,选择适宜的防护林树种,以塔里木荒漠优势树种胡杨和灰胡杨为试验材料,利用盆栽方法研究不同控水处理对2树种的生长特性、光合参数、叶绿素荧光动力学参数、蒸腾耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,2树种光合参数、叶绿素荧光动力学参数（除非光化学猝灭系数qN）、耗水量、耗水强度、生物量和水分利用效率均随供水量的减少而下降,重度胁迫下明显降低。与适宜水分相比,不同水分胁迫处理下胡杨的光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、耗水量与生物量下降幅度均小于灰胡杨,重度胁迫下明显高于灰胡杨。胡     

稻田水肥资源高效利用与调控模拟

水和肥是影响作物产量与生态环境的重要因素。为揭示稻田水肥利用规律,以达到稻田节水、省肥、高产、减排的目标,该文以湖北省漳河团林实验站稻田水肥耦合灌溉与控制排水试验观测数据为基础,联合运用作物生长模型ORYZA 2000和田间水文模型DRAINMOD 6.0,模拟分析不同降水、节灌、施肥、控排条件下的水稻产量与稻田排水量响应关系,得出了稻田水肥调控的临界条件,即采用稻田间歇灌溉方式,灌水定额30 mm,施氮量170 kg/hm2左右,控制排水水位20 cm时,节水12.5%～18.87%、省肥35.1%、增产11%、减排19.9%。本研究对加强农田水肥科学管理,提高水氮生产效率,防治农业面源污染,促进灌区可持续发展具有重要意义。     

北京市怀柔区生态用水计算研究

根据生态平衡理论,依据北京市怀柔区的实际情况,划分了北京市怀柔区生态用水类型,并将怀柔区划分为相互独立的二级生态区;计算出怀柔区各项生态用水量。结果为:全区现状生态用水总量为7.19亿m3/a。其中,森林植被生态用水量为4.65亿m3/a,水土保持生态用水量为0.83亿m3/a,城镇绿化生态用水量为0.02亿m3/a,草地生态用水量为1.29亿m3/a,河流生态系统生态用水为0.4亿m3/a。     

等离子体活化水在种子播前处理中的研究进展

种子播前处理具有打破种子休眠、降低病虫害和促进作物生长的作用,是农业生产的重要环节。等离子体活化水(PAW)种子处理作为一种新兴的物理种子处理技术,因绿色环保、操作简单和批量均匀处理等优点而受到广泛关注。PAW富含各类活性粒子,具有优异的生物活性,能够促进种子萌发、减少种子表面病菌,应用前景广阔。本文在阐述了等离子体种子处理技术原理的基础上,综述了液相等离子体放电机理、PAW生产系统及存储方式,并探讨了PAW在促萌发和表面消毒的机理,总结了 PAW 在农业生产中的优势和局限,旨在为PAW种子处理的应用和推广提供参考。     

A new approach to trenching experiments for measuring root-rhizosphere respiration in a lowland tropical forest

Soil respiration in tropical forests is a major source of atmospheric CO₂. The ability to partition soil respiration into its individual components is becoming increasingly important to predict the effects of disturbance on CO₂ efflux from the soil as the responses of heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration to change are likely to differ. However, current field methods to partition respiration suffer from various methodological artefacts; root-rhizosphere respiration is particularly difficult to estimate. We used trenched subplots to estimate root-rhizosphere respiration in large-scale litter addition (L+), litter removal (L−) and control (CT) plots in a lowland tropical semi-evergreen forest in Panama. We took a new approach to trenching by making measurements immediately before-and-after trenching and comparing them to biweekly measurements made over one year. Root-rhizosphere respiration was estimated to be 38%, 17% and 27% in the CT, L+, and L− plots, respectively, from the measurements taken immediately before and one day after trenching in May-June 2007. Biweekly measurements over the following year provided no estimates of root-rhizosphere respiration for the first seven months due to decomposition of decaying roots. We were also unable to estimate root-rhizosphere respiration during the dry season due to differences in soil water content between trenched and untrenched soil. However, biweekly measurements taken during the early rainy season one year after trenching (May-June 2008) provided estimates of root-rhizosphere respiration of 39%, 24% and 36% in the CT, L+, and L− plots, respectively, which are very similar to those obtained during the first day after trenching. We suggest that measurements taken immediately before and one day after root excision are a viable method for a rapid estimation of root-rhizosphere respiration without the methodological artefacts usually associated with trenching experiments.     

Is the decline of soil microbial biomass in late winter coupled to changes in the physical state of cold soils?

During winter when the active layer of Arctic and alpine soils is below 0 °C, soil microbes are alive but metabolizing slowly, presumably in contact with unfrozen water. This unfrozen water is at the same negative chemical potential as the ice. While both the hydrostatic and the osmotic components of the chemical potential will contribute to this negative value, we argue that the osmotic component (osmotic potential) is the significant contributor. Hence, the soil microorganisms need to be at least halotolerant and psychrotolerant to survive in seasonally frozen soils. The low osmotic potential of unfrozen soil water will lead to the withdrawal of cell water, unless balanced by accumulation of compatible solutes. Many microbes appear to survive this dehydration, since microbial biomass in some situations is high, and rising, in winter. In late winter however, before the soil temperature rises above zero, there can be a considerable decline in soil microbial biomass due to the loss of compatible solutes from viable cells or to cell rupture. This decline may be caused by changes in the physical state of the system, specifically by sudden fluxes of melt water down channels in frozen soil, rapidly raising the chemical potential. The dehydrated cells may be unable to accommodate a rapid rise in osmotic potential so that cell membranes rupture and cells lyse. The exhaustion of soluble substrates released from senescing plant and microbial tissues in autumn and winter may also limit microbial growth, while in addition the rising temperatures may terminate a winter bloom of psychrophiles.Climate change is predicted to cause a decline in plant production in these northern soils, due to summer drought and to an increase in freeze-thaw cycles. Both of these may be expected to reduce soil microbial biomass in late winter. After lysis of microbial cells this biomass provides nutrients for plant growth in early spring. These feedbacks, in turn, could affect herbivory and production at higher trophic levels.     

乌鲁木齐荒山绿化中的节水问题

乌鲁木齐城市严重缺水，周围有大面积荒山需绿化。在自然环境恶劣、水资源匮乏的条件下，要因地制宜地进行荒山绿化，并使绿化面积持续扩大，真正发挥改善城市环境的生态功能，必须全面考虑绿化用水问题。要合理利用有限的城市水资源，一方面要进行工程节水，更主要是依靠植物自身节水功能，即选择抗旱性强的乡土旱生植物种进行荒山绿化，这对缓解乌鲁木齐日紧张的水资源现状，调整脆弱的生态平衡有积极作用