温度对厌氧条件下不同pH水稻土氮素矿化的影响

氮矿化反应是土壤生态系统氮素循环的重要环节之一,决定了土壤氮素的可利用性。温度和pH是影响氮素矿化的重要环境因子。为研究厌氧条件下温度对不同pH水稻土氮素矿化的影响,本文以两种不同pH的水稻土为试验对象,在厌氧条件下,设置15℃、25℃、37℃和50℃4个温度,结合一级反应动力学方程式和有效积温式研究温度对土壤氮素矿化势、矿化速率、矿化程度和矿化势/全氮等矿化参数的影响。结果表明,两种土壤氮素矿化势均随着温度的升高而增大。在15~37℃范围内,两种土壤的矿化速率以及矿化程度均随着温度升高而增大,且同种温度下两土壤差异不显著。但在37~50℃范围内,随着温度的升高,两种pH土壤矿化速率以及矿化程度有增大也有减小,差异达1%显著水平。说明在高温范围内,不同pH土壤氮素矿化对温度的响应有很大差异。4个温度下,矿化势/全氮的值均随温度升高而增大,说明有机氮的品质随温度升高而提高。通过温度与矿化参数的相关性分析发现,在15~37℃范围内,各矿化参数与温度均呈正相关,且相关性极显著(P0.01);但37~50℃时,各矿化参数与温度相关性均较小,有的为负相关。本试验测定各培养周期的pH,发现在培养过程中,两种土壤pH波动不大,对土壤氮矿化的变化无影响。结果表明,厌氧条件下,尽管中、低温时不同pH水稻土氮素矿化对温度有相似的响应,但高温时不同pH土壤的氮素矿化显著不同。     

不同滴灌施肥模式对棉花产量及养分吸收的影响

通过等养分和等成本施肥田间试验,研究不同滴灌施肥模式对棉花产量及养分吸收的影响。试验设4种滴灌施肥模式,分别为常规基施(CK)、常规追施(DCK)、普通滴灌专用肥(F1)和高磷钾滴灌专用肥(F2)。结果表明,在等养分施用条件下,高磷钾滴灌专用肥和普通滴灌专用肥处理的棉花干物质重、养分吸收量和产量均显著高于常规基施处理,但普通滴灌专用肥和常规追施处理差异不大;常规基施处理的氮肥和磷肥的利用率最低,普通滴灌专用肥和常规追施处理的氮肥和磷肥利用率差异不显著,高磷钾滴灌专用肥可显著提高磷肥利用率。在等成本施用条件下,常规追施处理的棉花干物质重、养分吸收量和产量最高,而高磷钾滴灌专用肥、普通滴灌专用肥和常规基施处理无显著差异。因此,滴灌专用肥尤其是高磷钾滴灌专用肥具有较好的应用效果,但是如何降低肥料成本是滴灌专用肥技术面临的重要问题。     

Biodegradation kinetics of monosaccharides and their contribution to basal respiration in tropical forest soils

Low molecular weight (LMW) organic compounds in soil solution are easily biodegradable and could fuel respiration by soil microorganisms. Our main aim was to study the mineralization kinetics of monosaccharides using ¹⁴C-radiolabelled glucose. Based on these data and the soil solution concentrations of monosaccharides, we evaluated the contribution of monosaccharides to basal respiration for a variety of tropical forest soils. Further, the factors controlling the mineralization kinetics of monosaccharides were examined by comparing tropical and temperate forest soils. Monosaccharides comprised on average 5.2 to 47.7% of dissolved organic carbon in soil solution. Their kinetic parameters (V _max and K_M ), which were described by a single Michaelis-Menten equation, varied widely from 11 to 152?nmol?g^?1?h^?1 and 198 to 1294?µmol?L^?1 for tropical soils, and from 182 to 400?nmol?g^?1?h^?1 and 1277 to 3150?µmol?L^?1 for temperate soils, respectively. The values of V _max increased with increasing microbial biomass-C in tropical and temperate soils, while the K_M values had no correlations with soil biological or physicochemical properties. The positive correlation between V _max values and microbial biomass-C indicates that microbial biomass-C is an essential factor to regulate the V _max values in tropical and temperate forest soils. The biodegradation kinetics of monosaccharides indicate that the microbial capacity of monosaccharide mineralization far exceeds its rate at soil solution concentration. Monosaccharides in soil solution are rapidly mineralized, and their mean residence times in this study were very short (0.4–1.9?h) in tropical forests. The rates of monosaccharide mineralization at actual soil solution concentrations made up 22–118% of basal respiration. Probably because of the rapid and continuous production and consumption of monosaccharides, monosaccharide mineralization is shown to be a dominant fraction of basal respiration in tropical forest soils, as well as in temperate and boreal forest soils.     

Modelling of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn uptake, by winter wheat and forage maize, from a sewage disposal farm

Abstract. A predictive model of metal concentrations in crops was developed to optimize soil liming and sludge application strategies at a dedicated sewage sludge disposal site. Predictions of metal concentrations in plant tissue were derived from measured values of soil metal concentration, humus content and soil pH. The plant and soil data used to parameterize the model were collected on site using quadrat sampling of mature crop and underlying topsoil. The uptake model was used to map predicted metal concentrations in wheat grain and forage maize based upon a database of soil characteristics (metal content, % humus and pH) measured as part of a routine geochemical survey of the site. The effect of a management strategy to modify uptake of Cd by wheat by changing soil pH was investigated. The effect of soil dust adhering to maize plants at harvest was also simulated to investigate the importance of this pathway for Cd transfer to animal feed such as silage.
The model gave satisfactory predictions for uptake of Cd and Zn but less useful simulations for Pb, Cu and Ni. The results for Cd uptake showed a greater dependence on soil pH in the case of wheat in comparison to maize. It is suggested that, for the study site, liming to pH 7.0 will reduce Cd concentrations in wheat grain to within EC legal standards. However the Cd content of maize may still exceed these guidelines, with a relatively minor contribution from contamination with soil dust.     

pH对土壤重金属吸附动力学的影响

The pH effect on the sorption kinetics of heavy metals in soils was studied using a constant flow leaching method. The soil samples were red soil collected from Yingtan, Jiangxi, and yellow-brown soil from Nanjing, Jiangsu. The heavy metals tested were zinc and cadmium. Assuming that the experimental data fitted to the following kinetic rate equation: 1/c·dx/dt = kx_∞-kx, the rate constant k of sorption could be determined from the slope of the straight line by plotting of 1/c·dx/dt vs. x. The results showed that the pH effect on the rate constants of heavy mental sorption in soils was very significant. The values of k decreased with increasing pH. The sorptions were more sensitive to pH in red soil than in yellow-brown soil.     

胡子鲶血浆中外源生长激素的代谢动力学

采用草鱼生长激素夹心式酶联免疫吸附测定法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）研究了重组鲤生长激素（ｒｃＧＨ）在胡子鲶血浆中的代谢动力学,肌肉注射ｒｃＧＨ（０．２和１μｇ／ｇ）后,胡子鲶血浆ｒｃＧＨ水平迅速升高,于２和３ｈ时达峰值,随后下降,在注射后第２和４天,血浆中检测不到ｒｃＧＨ,腹腔注射ｒｃＧＨ（０．２和１μｇ／ｇ）后,胡子鲶血浆ｒｃＧＨ水平也有同上类似的变动规律,胡子鲶腹腔注射０．５,１和２μｇ／ｇ的ｒｃＧＨ７天     

硼污染土壤中硼释放特征及无机离子对其释放的影响

采用连续液流法研究了硼污染土壤中硼的释放动力学过程,并采用振荡平衡法就无机离子对硼释放的影响进行了研究.结果表明,(1)供试土壤硼的累计释放量随时间的延长而增大,累计释放量与全硼含量相关性不显著,而与土壤有效硼含量呈显著正相关.(2)准二级动力学方程是描述土壤硼释放动力学过程的最佳方程.(3)供试土壤各时段硼平均释放速率的自然对数与时间呈极显著的线性相关性,随时间延长反应速率不断下降.释放速率有阶段性特点,可分为快速反应阶段、中速反应和慢速反应三个阶段,释放的硼90%以上来自前两个阶段.(4)无机离子对供试土壤中硼表现出不同的释放能力,对释放量影响的大小顺序依次为:Cl->SO2-4>CO2-3,Na+>Ca2+.     

高炉炉渣对磷的吸附特性

首先对高炉炉渣经过不同浓度硫酸处理后在不同pH条件下的除磷效果进行了研究;再通过等温吸附、动力学吸附和热力学吸附模拟实验,应用不同的吸附方程进行拟合,探讨了静态实验下高炉炉渣对磷的吸附特性。结果表明:高炉炉渣在经过2 mol/L硫酸处理后,在pH=9的条件下对磷具有最好的吸附性能;Langmuir等温吸附模型能较好地模拟高炉炉渣对磷的等温吸附过程;Lagergren一级吸附速率方程和Bangham动力学方程均能较好地描述高炉炉渣对磷的动力吸附,且前者更好。根据Gibbs自由能变(△G0<0)和标准反应焓变值(△H0>0)判断,该吸附是自发的、吸热的化学吸附反应。     

施锌对不同品种小麦锌吸收分配的影响

为明确土壤施锌对不同品种小麦的生长发育以及养分吸收的影响，选用河南省广泛种植的10个冬小麦品种，采用盆栽试验，设置0 mg·kg^-1（Zn0）、10 mg·kg^-1（Zn10）、20 mg·kg^-1（Zn20）、30 mg·kg^-1（Zn30）4个施锌水平，研究不同施锌量对冬小麦生长发育和锌吸收利用的影响。结果表明：在北方石灰性潮土增施锌肥能够显著提高小麦籽粒锌含量，但产量构成要素、干质量及锌效率等对施锌的响应因品种而异。施锌显著增加了供试小麦整株锌含量和累积量，且在Zn20水平下增幅最大，较Zn0处理分别提高了41.4%~85.1%和19.9%~110.1%。"郑麦379""百农207""郑麦0856""周麦22"的籽粒锌含量随锌浓度增加而增加，在Zn30达到最高，较Zn0提高了43.5%、65.1%、68.2%、55.8%；"郑麦366"和"周麦27"的籽粒锌含量在锌肥10~30 mg·kg^-1时无显著差异，较Zn0处理增加了40.6%~62.3%；而其他品种小麦的籽粒锌含量在Zn20处理最高，较Zn0处理增加55.7%~92.2%。施锌后不同小麦各部位的锌累积量分配比例有明显差异，籽粒、颖壳、茎秆、根部的锌累积量占比范围分别为17.4%~49.9%、6.3%~16.0%、21.5%~46.1%、12.9%~28.7%。研究表明，"郑麦379"和"矮抗58"可作为锌高效品种；土施锌肥10~20 mg·kg^-1可以有效提高籽粒锌含量，改善小麦锌营养品质。     

种植密度对冬小麦氮素吸收利用和分配的影响

为了探讨实现冬小麦籽粒产量与氮素利用效率协同提高的途径,为制定高产、高效栽培管理措施提供理论依据,在大田条件下,以大穗型小麦品种"泰农18"和中穗型小麦品种"山农15"为试验材料,根据品种特性分别设置4个种植密度("泰农18":135万苗.hm 2、270万苗.hm 2、405万苗.hm 2和540万苗.hm 2;"山农15":172.5万苗.hm 2、345万苗.hm 2、517.5万苗.hm 2和690万苗.hm 2),研究了种植密度对籽粒产量、氮素吸收积累和运转分配、氮素利用效率以及土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮总积累量的影响。研究结果表明,随种植密度增加,两种穗型冬小麦品种成熟期植株氮素积累量、籽粒产量、氮肥吸收利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均表现为先增加后降低,籽粒氮积累量、氮素收获指数和籽粒氮含量下降,花前营养器官氮素转运量和对籽粒氮的贡献率升高。随种植密度的增加,"泰农18"的氮素利用效率随密度的增大先增大后减小,"山农15"随密度的增大而减小。土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮总积累量随密度增加而降低。在本试验条件下,"泰农18"和"山农15"兼顾高产和高效利用氮素的适宜种植密度分别为270万苗.hm 2和345万苗.hm 2。