Sampling effects on the assessment of genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with soybean and common bean

Biological nitrogen fixation plays a key role in agriculture sustainability, and assessment of rhizobial diversity contributes to worldwide knowledge of biodiversity of soil microorganisms, to the usefulness of rhizobial collections and to the establishment of long-term strategies aimed at increasing contributions of legume-fixed N to agriculture. Although in recent decades the use of molecular techniques has contributed greatly to enhancing knowledge of rhizobial diversity, concerns remain over simple issues such as the effects of sampling on estimates of diversity. In this study, rhizobia were isolated from nodules of plants grown under field conditions, in pots containing soil, or in Leonard jars receiving a 10⁻² or a 10⁻⁴ serially-diluted soil inoculum, using one exotic (soybean, Glycine max) and one indigenous (common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris) legume species. The experiments were performed using an oxisol with a high population (10⁵ cells g⁻¹ soil) of both soybean rhizobia, composed of naturalized strains introduced in inoculants and of indigenous common-bean rhizobia. BOX-PCR was used to evaluate strain diversity, while RFLP-PCR of the ITS (internally transcribed spacer) region with five restriction enzymes aimed at discriminating rhizobial species. In both analyses the genetic diversity of common-bean rhizobia was greater than that of soybean. For the common bean, diversity was greatly enhanced at the 10⁻⁴ dilution, while for the soybean dilution decreased diversity. Qualitative differences were also observed, as the DNA profiles differed for each treatment in both host plants. Differences obtained can be attributed to dissimilarity in the history of the introduction of both the host plant and the rhizobia (exotic vs. indigenous), to host-plant specificity, rhizobial competitiveness, and population structure, including ease with which some types are released from microcolonies in soil. Therefore, sampling method should be considered both in the interpretation and comparison of the results obtained in different studies, and in the setting of the goals of any study, e.g. selection of competitive strains, or collection of a larger spectrum of rhizobia. Furthermore, effects of sampling should be investigated for each symbiosis.     

一株单核细胞增生李斯特菌分离株的分子分型鉴定及其生物学特性

从上海某羊养殖场获得了一株单核细胞增生李斯特菌分离株CMG47。为了确定该单核细胞增生李斯特菌分离株的分子分型,了解其生物学特性,本研究通过多重PCR对该菌株进行谱系和血清型分析,利用多位点序列分型（MLST）方法鉴定其分子分型。采用PCR方法对主要毒力基因进行检测,并通过体外观察和荧光定量PCR对菌株溶脂溶血特性进行分析。将菌株通过腹腔注射ICR小鼠和静脉注射斑马鱼,测定其毒力。研究结果表明该分离株属于谱系Ⅰ,1/2b血清型;序列分型为ST619;携带prfA、inlA、inlB、plcA、plcB、mpl、actA、hly等主要毒力因子;体外无明显溶脂活性,溶血活性较弱;小鼠和斑马鱼试验均显示,该分离株属于强毒株,与强毒参考株EGDe的毒力相当（P>0.05）。该分离株的谱系/血清型为引起李斯特菌病的主要型别,拥有整套主要毒力因子,为单增李斯特菌强毒株。本研究为李斯特菌病散发病例的流行和传播特征分析提供了分子生物学基础,对建立健全李斯特菌监测体系和风险评估意义重大。     

猪链球菌14型的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

为了检测确定2019年5月河南某规模化猪场一栋保育仔猪发病猪群的病原,本研究从送检的发病猪关节液中分离获得1株细菌。通过细菌纯化培养、革兰氏染色、形态学观察及猪链球菌gdh基因PCR扩增,确定该分离菌株为猪链球菌。用猪链球菌分型引物对该菌株进行PCR扩增分型鉴定及软件比对分析,结果表明该分离菌株为猪链球菌14型,与猪链球菌JS14株（GenBank登录号：CP002465.1）同源性为100%。毒力基因检测结果表明,该菌株的同时携带有epf、mrp、sly、fbps、orf2毒力基因,属于高致病性菌株。小鼠致病性试验结果也证明该菌株是一株高致病性猪链球菌。药物敏感性试验结果显示,该菌株对β内酰胺类和喹诺酮类药物敏感,对氨基糖苷类、四环素类、大环内酯类和磺胺类高度耐药,表现出多重耐药现象。对该菌株进行5大类24种耐药基因检测,该菌株同时携带有bla_TEM、aadA1、strA、strB、aacC2、aphA1、tet（B）、gyrA、parC、sul2耐药基因。该研究为后续进一步开展猪链球菌14型流行特点和致病机制研究奠定了基础,为猪链球菌14型临床防控提供了理论依据,同时具有重要的公共卫生意义。     

牛源多杀性巴氏杆菌血清分型及毒力相关基因的检测研究

为确定新疆北疆部分地区疑似病例中分离的牛源多杀性巴氏杆菌（Pasteurella multocida,Pm）流行的血清型、ST型及毒力相关基因的分布情况,本研究以分离的17株牛源Pm为研究对象,采用荚膜多重PCR分型法、脂多糖多重PCR分型法（LPS-mPCR）、多位点序列分型法（MLST）及PCR方法检测17株Pm分离株的荚膜型、脂多糖型、MLST型及7类共25个毒力相关基因的分布情况。结果显示,13株Pm的荚膜脂多糖型为A：L3型,ST型均为ST1型,4株Pm荚膜脂多糖型为B：L2型,ST型均为ST44;17株Pm毒力相关基因（exbB、exbD、fimA、fur、hgbA、hsf2、nanB、oma87、ompA、ompH、plpB、psl、ptfA、sodA、sodC、tonB和tbpA）的检出率高达100%,toxA基因的检出率为0。结果表明,从新疆北疆部分地区规模化牛场疑似病例中分离的Pm主要血清型为A：L3：ST1型。     

五笔字型输入法中一些易混淆问题的区分

五笔字型输入法已广泛使用,但一些字根、字型结构、笔顺经常混淆,本文从这三方面做了详细的归纳和总结。     

Genetic typing of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) isolates from Slovakia

Of 120 clinical specimens obtained from pigs bred on 28 PMWS-affected farms in Slovakia, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) was detected by single PCR in 77 samples. A short 224 bp fragment of ORF2 was used for preliminary grouping of isolates by phylogenetic analysis. Nucleotide sequences of the entire ORF2 region provided more precise genetic typing and segregation of preselected isolates (n = 10) into two known genotypes, PCV-2a (n = 1) and PCV-2b (n = 9). Complete genome sequencing of three selected isolates allowed their definitive grouping into genotype PCV-2b, cluster 1A or genotype PCV-2a, cluster 2D. No correlation between the mutations and the geographic origin of isolates was observed. Results confirmed that many PCV-2 isolates are genetically very stable since similar viruses circulate in Central and Western Europe.     

MLVA方法对奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的分型研究及效果评价

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的分型对预防菌株在牛体之间传播、了解菌株地域性分布特点及针对性疫苗的研制均有重要的意义。本研究旨在将多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析(MLVA)法应用于国内乳房炎金葡菌的分型研究,以进行分子流行病学调查。同时,将其与16-23SrRNA基因间区分析法(RS-PCR)的分型结果比较,以评价MLVA法对乳房炎金葡菌的分型效果。作者建立MLVA方法(多重PCR体系)对27株乳房炎金葡菌进行分型,同时应用RS-PCR法进行分型。结果2种方法均可将8个地区17个牛场分离到的27株菌全部分型,分型率为100%。MLVA法将菌株分为19个型,不同牛场来源的金葡菌均属于不同型,相同牛场来源的菌株除上海和北京某牛场外均属于相同型;此方法的分型力为0.969。RS-PCR法将菌株分为10个型,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅴ型菌株均来源于不同地区,分型力为0.829。结果显示,MLVA分型法具有快速、操作方便和分型能力强等特点,可应用于乳房炎金葡菌的分子流行病学研究。同时,研究表明,我国不同牛场的乳房炎金葡菌具有型特异性,该结果与少数优势型金黄色葡萄球菌引起绝大多数乳房炎的报道相反。     

2009～2010年华南地区副猪嗜血杆菌分离株ERIC-PCR指纹图谱的鉴定和分析

本试验采用肠杆菌基因间重复一致序列多态性聚合酶链式反应(ERIC-PCR)对2009~2010年分离自华南地区的41株副猪嗜血杆菌野生菌株及15株参考菌株进行了指纹图谱的鉴定。利用BioNumerics 5.1软件对所有菌株的ERIC-PCR指纹图谱进行分析,结果显示,15株具有不同血清型的参考菌株均具有不同的指纹图谱;41株华南地区副猪嗜血杆菌野生分离株则具有26个不同的指纹图谱,该方法对所有56株副猪嗜血杆菌的鉴别率为0.984。由此可见,ERIC-PCR分型方法具有较好种间的鉴别能力,可作为副猪嗜血杆菌病流行病学研究中的一种有效的辅助分子手段。     

Analysis of chromosome-sized DNA and genome typing of isolated strains ofTaylorella equigenitalis

Analysis of chromosome-sized DNA and genome typing ofTaylorella equigenitalis NCTC11184, Kentucky 188, and five strains ofT. equigenitalis isolated in Japan were carried out. The three restriction enzymes used,ApaI,NaeI andNotI, cleaved the genomic DNAs of five Japanese strains ofT. equigenitalis into relatively limited numbers of restriction fragments, which were well resolved on crossed-field gel electrophoresis (CFGE). The respective profiles after CFGE of the restriction fragments from all five strains were essentially identical to each other after digestion byApaI,NaeI orNotI. Hence it appears that these strains have a common genome type with respect to these three restriction enzymes. It was also shown that the respective profiles from these strains were essentially different from those ofT. equigenitalis NCTC11184 and those of Kentucky 188 after digestion withApaI,NaeI orNotI.Abbreviations CFGE crossed-field gel electrophoresis - FIGE field inversion gel electrophoresis - PFGE pulsed-field gel electrophoresis     

Phenotypic and genetic characterization of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from pigs in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

This study aimed to investigate the relatedness of porcine Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (S.) serovar Typhimurium strains isolated in Southern Brazil. Sixty-six isolates from pigs belonging to three commercial companies were submitted to phage typing, XbaI-macrorestriction (PFGE), IS200 hybridization, rep-PCR, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and PCR assay targeting the spvR region. All strains presented a unique rep-PCR pattern and 63 strains had a common IS200 profile. One pulse-type (XA) was the most prevalent (39/66 strains) and included strains of phage types DT177, DT192, DT194 and RDNC. The spvR region was detected in three strains, which harboured plasmids of 90 kb. High rates of tetracycline, sulfonamide and streptomycin resistance were found. Isolates from farms located in different geographic regions but associated to the same commercial companies clustered together and presented a common resistance profile. Results suggested that clonal groups of S. Typhimurium are present in pig commercial companies in Southern Brazil.