A Comparative Study of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis During 1952–1956 and 1992

Fiftytwo strains of S. aureus isolated from cases of bovine subclinical mastitis in 52 different dairy herds in Denmark, in the periods 1952 to 1956 and 1992, were compared with regard to their phage- and EcoRI ribo-types. Furthermore, susceptibility to penicillin and production of fibrinolysin were used as additional phenotypic markers. Fortynine strains (94%) could be separated into 12 phage types. Ribotyping assigned the 52 strains to 21 different types. Both methods showed that 57% of the 1950’s strains and between 38–45% of the 1992 strains belonged to 3 dominating types. The remaining strains were placed by ribotyping in 8 types occurring among the 1952–1956 strains and 10 types occurring among the 1992 strains. In 87% of the strains the results of the 2 typing methods were in accordance. However, 7 strains gave different results by the 2 methods including 2 strains with major differences. Penicillin resistance only occurred in a single genotype from the 1950’s compared to 6 different genotypes among the 1992 strains.     

Molecular subtyping of feline immunodeficiency virus from cats in Melbourne

OBJECTIVE: To determine the subtypes of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) present in the domestic cat population in Melbourne. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 42 cats that had serum antibodies against FIV. DNA was extracted and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify variable regions of the envelope (env) and group specific antigen (gag) genes of FIV. PCR products were directly sequenced or sequenced after cloning when direct sequencing yielded ambiguous results. Phylogenetic analysis was performed and comparisons made with representative sequences of different subtypes. RESULTS: The variable region of the env gene was successfully amplified by PCR from 41 of the 42 cats. All 41 were found to cluster with subtype A env sequences. The variable region of the gag gene was successfully amplified by PCR from all 42 cats. Forty-one were found to cluster with subtype A gag genes and one was found to cluster with subtype B sequences, suggesting that it may be derived from a recombinant env A/gag B virus. CONCLUSIONS: Subtype A is the predominant FIV type in Melbourne, although a subtype A/B recombinant was identified in the population of FIV positive cats. These results of env gene analysis were similar to those in a previous Australian study, suggesting that subtype A predominates in Australia. The results of the gag gene analysis show the importance of analysing multiple areas of the FIV genome when assigning FIV subtypes. Comparison with other major urban centres may provide useful information about the phylogenic diversity of FIV in Australia.     

湘西黄牛粪源大肠埃希菌耐药性分析及多位点测序分型

为了解湘西黄牛粪源大肠埃希菌的耐药情况,从湘西黄牛主产区花垣县和凤凰县6个不同规模的湘西黄牛养殖场采集黄牛肛门拭子样品,用麦康凯培养基和大肠埃希菌特异性引物分离、鉴定大肠埃希菌;采用K–B法对分离的大肠埃希菌进行5类共18种常用抗菌药物的敏感性试验;利用超高通量荧光定量PCR对16株多重耐药大肠埃希菌的7类共22种耐药...     

Investigation of Biofilm Formation,Virulence Genes and agr Typing of Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Mastitis Cases

The objective of the present study was to investigate the biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and agr genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from bovine mastitis cases, and to analyze the correlations between agr genotypes and virulence genes. Biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes for 336 strains of S. aureus were detected by microtiter plate method, disk diffusion method, and PCR respectively, and the agr typing of tested strains was determined by multiplex PCR. The results showed that all 336 strains of S. aureus from bovine mastitis were biofilm producers, among which 52.1% and 47.9% of isolates tested were moderate (++) and strong (+++) biofilm producers, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated that S. aureus strains were highly resistant to penicillin, with a resistance rate of 91.7%, followed by erythromycin (89.6%), kanamycin (72.9%), clindamycin (66.7%) and gentamicin (60.4%). However, all isolates were sensitive to nitrofurantoin and linezolid. PCR results showed that the prevalence of fnbA gene was the highest (99.7%), followed by icaD (98.2%), icaA (89.6%), clfA (86.0%), cna (56.0%), and bap (14.6%) genes. Moreover, the sea, seb, sec and tst genes were found in 26.5%, 8.3%, 6.8% and 8.3% of the isolates, respectively. The agr typing results showed that S. aureus strains belonging to agr Ⅰ was predominant in our study, accounting for 77.1% of the isolates, and the frequencies of agr Ⅱ, agr Ⅲ and agr Ⅳ genotypes were 14.0%, 4.8% and 2.1%, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that the strains of S. aureus belonging to agr Ⅰ genotype have the potential to carry more virulence genes, while no toxin genes could be found in any of the strains belonging to agr Ⅳ. The results revealed high antimicrobial resistance to common antimicrobial agents in S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis milk samples. Moreover, agr Ⅰ was the predominant genotype with diverse toxin genes in S. aureus from bovine mastitis, and the potential hazard should be of concern.     

食品中阪崎克罗诺杆菌的药物敏感性及分子分型研究

克罗诺杆菌是一种革兰氏阴性菌,是配方粉中威胁婴幼儿健康的主要致病菌。近年来,乳制品及食品中常有克罗诺杆菌耐药株的报道,耐药株的出现给临床治疗带来巨大挑战。为探究PFGE型别与耐药表型之间的关联性,采用BD PhoenixTM-100全自动细菌鉴定及药敏系统对食品分离的68株阪崎克罗诺杆菌进行药敏检测,共选择19种抗生素,并采用PFGE对其进行分子分型。结果表明：4株阪崎克罗诺杆菌具有耐药性,耐药率为5.88%。其中,3株对头孢唑啉耐药,1株对四环素耐药。18株菌表现为中介,其中16株对头孢唑啉中介,2株对氯霉素中介。所有菌株对其余16种抗生素均敏感。68株阪崎克罗诺杆菌可分成58个PFGE带型,其中PT037、PT050、PT054、PT007、PT043及PT046带型分别含有4、3、3、2、2、2株菌,其余52个带型各含1株菌,带型较分散。3株头孢唑啉耐药菌株包含3个PFGE带型,18株中介菌株包含16个PFGE带型。检测的阪崎克罗诺杆菌食品分离株耐药率较低,未发现多重耐药菌株,且呈现出高度基因多态性,菌株PFGE带型与耐药性之间无明显相关性。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌分型方法的研究进展

蜡样芽孢杆菌是一种可引起食物中毒的机会致病菌,在自然界分布广泛,致病菌株与炭疽杆菌具有相似的毒素,引起中毒的菌株分为呕吐型和腹泻型。研究该菌的分型方法对蜡样芽孢杆菌的溯源和流行病学调查具有重要意义。目前,该菌的分型方法有传统分型和分子分型,传统分型方法包括噬菌体分型、生化分型等;分子分型方法包括重复序列PCR分型、扩增片段长度多态性分型和全基因组测序分型等。本文以蜡样芽孢杆菌为研究对象,对其分型方法进行了综述,说明了不同分型方法的优缺点,以期为该细菌病的防控提供一定的参考。     

键盘录入速度测试程序

本文介绍一个用FoxBASE 编制的键盘录入速度的测试程序,此程序可对用户的键盘录入速度进行准确的测试。     

副溶血性弧菌分子检测与分型研究进展

副溶血性弧菌是一种革兰氏阴性嗜盐菌,常通过食用被该菌污染的食品导致食物中毒。该文综述了副溶血性弧菌的分子检测技术如PCR、环介导等温扩增、免疫捕获等,及分型技术如RAPD-PCR、ERIC-PCR、PFGE、核糖体分型、RFLP等,这些方法将为副溶血性弧菌食物中毒提供重要的检测与分型手段,对预防与控制副溶血性弧菌食物中毒具有重要意义。     

Increasing patient safety in veterinary transfusion medicine: an overview of pretransfusion testing

Objectives – To review the principles and available technology for pretransfusion testing in veterinary medicine and discuss the indications and importance of test performance before RBC transfusion.
Data Sources – Current human and veterinary medical literature: original research articles and scientific reviews.
Summary – Indications for RBC transfusion in veterinary medicine include severe anemia or tissue hypoxia resulting from blood loss, decreased erythrocyte production, and hemolyzing conditions such as immune-mediated anemia and neonatal isoerythrolysis. Proper blood sample collection, handling, and identification are imperative for high-quality pretransfusion testing. Point-of-care blood typing methods including both typing cards and rapid gel agglutination are readily available for some species. Following blood typing, crossmatching is performed on one or more donor units of appropriate blood type. As an alternative to technically demanding tube crossmatching methods, a point-of-care gel agglutination method has recently become available for use in dogs and cats. Crossmatching reduces the risk of hemolytic transfusion reactions but does not completely eliminate the risk of other types of transfusion reactions in veterinary patients, and for this reason, all transfusion reactions should be appropriately documented and investigated.
Conclusion – The administration of blood products is a resource-intensive function of veterinary medicine and optimizing patient safety in transfusion medicine is multifaceted. Adverse reactions can be life threatening. Appropriate donor screening and collection combined with pretransfusion testing decreases the occurrence of incompatible transfusion reactions.     

First Report of Human Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Attributed to TcBat Genotype

Chagas disease is an endemic disease of the American continent caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and divided into six discrete typing units (TcI – TcVI). Nearly 10 million people harbour the infection representing a serious issue in public health. Epidemiological surveillance allowed us to detect a bat‐related T. cruzi genotype (henceforth named TcBat) in a 5‐year‐old female living in a forest area in northwestern Colombia. Molecular tools determined a mixed infection of T. cruzi I and TcBat genotypes. This represents the first report of TcBat infection in humans; the epidemiological consequences of this finding are discussed herein.