New mitigation measures reducing seabird by‐catch in trawl fisheries

This paper provides an update on an earlier review [Fish & Fisheries 8 (2007) 31] of mitigation methods used to reduce seabird by‐catch in trawl fisheries. Interactions of seabirds with trawl vessels fall into two broad categories: those focused on the trawl warps and those focused around trawl nets. For reducing seabird strikes on trawl warps, the use of bird‐scaring lines has been proved to be the most effective mitigation device in the trawl fisheries in which comparative studies have been undertaken. However, the retention or strategic management of fish waste (offal and discards) is recommended as the most effective primary measure for by‐catch reduction, and as such should be viewed as the best long‐term solution to reducing seabird by‐catch in trawl fisheries. Coincident with effective fish waste management, measures such as cleaning the net prior to shooting and reducing the time the net is on the surface should be viewed as best practice measures and incorporated into normal fishing activities. While a number of methods have been trialled to reduce the incidence of warp strikes, there continues to be the need for more work on effective measures for reducing interactions of seabirds with the trawl net.     

胶州湾曼氏无针乌贼资源量与季节变化的调查研究

根据2005年和2006年逐月在胶州湾进行的底拖网调查,并对底拖网渔获物中的头足类进行定性定量分析与测定,利用扫海面积法评估胶州湾海域曼氏无针乌贼的资源量。调查分析了其分布特点与季节变化,并进行了渔获物中头足类组成的比较,分析了其种类组成、分布特点与季节变化特征。结果表明,胶州湾曼氏无针乌贼资源量有明显的季节变化,夏、秋两季的资源量明显高于其他季节,分别达到26.7t和21.5t（2006）;夏、秋两季的重量比明显高于其他季节,分别达到23.4%和27.8%。近几年,以曼氏无针乌贼为主捕对象的头足类资源量基本保持稳定,年平均资源量约14t,接近20世纪90年代中期的水平。     

东海区拖网网囊网目选择性研究

通过东海区拖网网囊网目对带鱼和小黄鱼的选择性试验,对拖网最适网囊网目尺寸进行了分析研究。结果表明：1．网囊网目45mm,小黄鱼和带鱼的逃逸率均较低,渔获中兼捕大量当年生经济幼鱼;2．网囊网目54mm,小黄鱼的50％选择体长尚小于其优势体长组范围,带鱼的50％,选择体长已部分进入其优势体长组范围;3．网囊网目65mm,选择体长范围与选择鱼种的优势体长组范围基本一致。综合分析认为：目前东海区最理想的拖网网囊网目不小于60mm。     

东海区底拖网渔业资源变动分析

以2000~2005年底拖网渔业资源的常规监测资料为依据,对东海区底拖网渔获物种类组成、主要经济鱼种单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)以及生物学特征进行了分析。结果表明,东海区底拖网渔业资源利用结构正在向低值和低营养层次鱼种转化,主要经济鱼种的CPUE不断下降,生物学特征未见明显好转,而渔获物中幼鱼比例不断上升,渔业资源总体状况仍然存在继续衰退趋势。建议降低目前的海洋捕捞努力量,延长伏季休渔时间,加强渔业资源养护和管理力度等。     

变水层拖网捕捞小型中上层鱼类的试验

报道了专门设计的用于捕劳中上层鱼类的变水层拖网在1997－1998年期间海上的试验结果。结果：该网的结构合理，网具性能优良，网口高度达25－30m，拖网阻力比原生产网减少14．3％，平均网次产量是原生产网的1．46倍。     

The influence of warp length on trawl dimension and catch of walleye pollock <Emphasis Type="Italic">Theragra chalcogramma</Emphasis> in a bottom trawl survey

ABSTRACT:   Variations in trawl dimension, bottom contact, and catch with differing warp lengths during walleye pollock surveys conducted by the Fisheries Research Agency were examined. The ratio of warp length to fishing depth (scope ratio) was set at 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 at depths of 110 m. At a 2.5 scope ratio, the net mouth shape and footgear contact fluctuated, as the trawl door did not contact the bottom. Footgear contact was complete when the scope ratio was 3.0 or more. Walleye pollock, sculpins and flatfishes were the main catch in all tows, and the catch increased with scope ratio. There was no difference in the length frequency of walleye pollock ( n  = 300) captured at 2.5 and 3.0 scope ratio. However, the length frequency at 3.5 was significantly different from that of other scope ratios. These results suggest that at a scope ratio of 3.0 or more, the trawl door will not leave the bottom at any depths. To compliment echo surveys for walleye pollock, a 3.0 scope ratio would be optimal, since the catch data for a 3.5 scope ratio was dissimilar from that of scope ratios.     

吕四渔场虾桁拖网最小网目尺寸的研究

为了养护和管理海洋渔业资源,对虾桁拖网网囊网目进行了选择性试验,以期找到最适网目尺寸,为今后立法和管理提供科学依据。经试验表明,随着网囊网目的加大,50％选择体长也随之增加。当网囊网目内径分别为35mm、40mm、45mm时,哈氏仿对虾50％选择体长分别为72.73、74.61、81.43mm;葛氏长臂虾50％选择体长分别为70.42、75.60、79.45mm;脊尾白虾50％选择体长分别为88.37、92.05、97.17mm。 三种虾类的50％选择体长(L_0.5)与网囊网目内径(Me)的线性回归方程如下: 哈氏仿对虾:L_0.5=469+0.8697Me R~2=0.9029 葛氏长臂虾:L_0.5=39.063+0.9024Me R~2=0.9927 脊尾白虾:L_0.5=57.325+0.8801Me R~2=0.9911 三种虾类混合:L_0.5=37.597+1.1470Me R~2=0.9996 将网囊网目尺寸由现在的20mm到25mm提高到35～40mm,则在此网目大小下,能释放掉大量70mm以下的幼虾,而捕获的商品虾质量有明显改善。根据试验结果和分析,建议对虾桁拖网加强管理,制定相应的法规,规定最小网目尺寸。     

不同网具在人工鱼礁水平方向上诱集效果的比较

为了解东海典型软相泥地生境鱼礁投放后在水平梯度上的影响能力,于2014年8月在嵊泗人工鱼礁区采用等间距设点的方法,对不同网具(刺网、地笼网、拖网)在评价人工鱼礁区鱼类和大型无脊椎动物组成方面的应用效果进行了初步探讨。结果表明,刺网渔获组成以鱼类为主,占刺网总渔获种类的51.1%;拖网主要为节肢类,其次是鱼类,分别占拖网总渔获种类的41%和37.7%;地笼网的渔获种类分布则较为均衡。比较不同采样方法在鱼礁区水平方向上多样性的表征能力,拖网优于刺网和地笼网,3种网具组合的采样方式优于单种网具或任意两种网具相互组合。自人工鱼礁核心区向外,各站点生物资源量、多样性等指标大致呈逐渐减少的趋势。从上述指标的空间差异来看,三横山鱼礁区的有效辐射距离约为200 m,而东库山鱼礁区辐射距离为200~300 m。研究结论认为,相对于单一采样方法,组合刺网、地笼网和改进型底拖网的综合采样方式可以获得更完整的现场信息,从而更好地揭示人工鱼礁投放后水平方向的资源分布和群落结构状况。     

六片式拖网研制报告

六片式拖网采用疏目，短袖，宽桥，网身前２／３段采用六片式并减少前段剪裁斜率，适当增加口径等形式，使试验网比原生产网网口高度增加３５％，拖速提高０．５节左右，平均网产增加４５～６５％。产值提高更大，这种网具能更好地开发利用近底层和中上层鱼类资源。     

闽南渔场桁杆虾拖网作业渔获种类组成

2010年1～5月和8～11月在闽南海区桁杆虾拖网作业渔船上每月采样一次,分析样品9批,样品数量15833个,累计重量79．66kg。对渔获物进行种类鉴定、组成分析,结果表明：闽南渔场桁杆虾拖网作业渔获种类共有62种,其中鱼类35种、虾类17种、蟹类4种、头足类4种、口足类2种;渔获物以虾类为主,占总渔获重量的69．8...