Sampling performance and operational quality of a frame trawl used to catch juvenile fish

SUMMARY: A sampling trawl with a rigid mouth; that is, the frame trawl, was designed so as to catch the large larval and juvenile fish more efficiently. The net consisted of four 13 m panels (nylon multifilament and twine diameter φ 0.75 mm, mesh size 8 mm). The frame of the net's mouth was composed of four stainless steel pipes (length 4 m, diameter φ 76 mm, thickness 5 mm). Several operations were conducted to investigate the capability of catching juveniles. A lot of Sardinops melanostictus juveniles, which are generally difficult to catch, were caught during every operation. Underwater observations proved that juveniles could not elude the capture. The frame trawl requires no special handling and is possible to operate in a rough sea.     

Night-time vertical distribution and abundance of small epipelagic and mesopelagic fishes in the upper 100 m layer of the Kuroshio-Oyashio Transition Zone in Spring

ABSTRACT:   In order to simultaneously compare vertical distributions of small pelagic fishes and mesopelagic fishes during the night in the upper 100 m, one oblique and 11 horizontal tows of large-sized (opening area 480 m²) trawl operations were conducted at different depths in the Kuroshio–Oyashio Transition Zone during 20–22 May 1995. While Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus and Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus were concentrated in the upper 20 m, mackerels Scomber spp. were collected uniformly in the upper 80 m layer. Myctophid fishes Ceratoscopelus warmingii, Diaphus kuroshio, Diogenichthys atlanticus , Myctophum asperum , Notoscopelus spp. mostly N. resplendens , and Symbolophorus californiensis , a gempylid Nealotus tripes , a microstomatid Lipolagus ochotensis and a phosichthyid Vinciguerria nimbaria were dominant components of mesopelagic fishes that ascended to the upper 100 m layer at night, where these mesopelagic fishes concentrated at depths of 20–80 m. In the upper 20 m layer, Japanese anchovy comprised 60% of the total wet weight of all fishes followed by D. atlanticus (3%), C. warmingii (2%) and S. californiensis (2%). Juvenile myctophids were dominant in the upper 20 m layer compared to deeper layers.     

中国沿海中小型双船底拖网经验设计法

本文反映经过广泛深入的调查研究,分析比较了中国沿海使用的八十余种拖网。在选优的基础上,进行了水槽模型试验和生产性试验。用数理统计方法,分别计算出使用小目网和疏目网的渔船主机功率与网口周长的关系式,以及拖网各部主尺度与网口周长的比例等系列关系式。为中国沿海中小型双船底拖网设计得出一种简便、易行、可靠的经验设计方法,对生产、科研和教学部门均有实用意义。     

浙江舟山虾拖网桁杆及叉纲的力学计算

桁杆虾拖网作业是东海区海洋捕捞中的主要作业方式。通过模型试验和数值计算的方法,对虾拖网的主要构件桁杆、叉纲进行理论力学分析,从而求得桁杆所受的弯矩、剪力、轴力及叉纲的拉力,桁杆与虾拖网下纲相连的吊纲和上纲网片对桁杆的张力。还进一步探索了弯矩和剪力沿桁杆的分布规律,最大拖速时桁杆所受最大拉压应力情况。为今后虾拖网的使用提出建议。     

渔船模拟器中中层拖网的建模与仿真

为了在渔船模拟器中进行中层拖网的动态仿真,首先利用等效网面方法对中层拖网进行简化,然后根据集中质量法建立了中层拖网的水动力模型,并开发了中层拖网的三维可视化程序。利用三次B样条插值曲线绘制中层拖网,并采用纹理映射技术提高中层拖网三维可视化的效果。对一中层拖网进行了仿真研究,结果表明：仿真结果同其水槽试验结果相近,最大误差在20％以内,验证了该模型的合理性。最后,文中还给出了中层拖网的三维可视化效果图。     

休闲渔船拖网标准化改造前后渔获物中游泳动物群落结构分析

为了解休闲渔船体验式拖网标准化改造对乐清湾游泳动物群落结构的影响,分别在2016年网具改造前和2017年网具改造后的春、夏季于乐清湾海域进行游泳动物底拖网调查。结合相对重要性指数、种类更替率、生态多样性指数和多元统计分析等方法,对网具标准化改造前后渔获物中游泳动物的组成进行分析。结果表明：网具标准化改造前后游泳动物群落组成发生了一定的变化,2年春季共有优势种为三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）、小黄鱼（Larimichthys polyactis）,夏季共有优势种为三疣梭子蟹、小黄鱼、龙头鱼（Harpodon nehereus）和刀鲚（Coilia nasus）。网具标准化改造后：春季渔获物中游泳动物的平均丰度由5.91×10⁴ ind./km²降低至2.72×10⁴ ind./km²,夏季平均丰度由9.76×10⁴ ind./km²降低到3.45×10⁴ ind./km²;春季平均生物量由310.87 kg/km²提高至356.07 kg/km²,夏季由444.90 kg/km²提高到515.90 kg/km²;渔获物中的小黄鱼、花鲈（Lateolabrax japonicus）和刀鲚等重要经济种的平均体长显著大于改造前,部分站位的三疣梭子蟹的甲宽和小黄鱼的体长显著增大;重要经济种的幼体比例降低,小型饵料生物种类的优势度有所下降。综上所述,休闲渔船体验式拖网标准化改造对重要经济种类的幼体和饵料生物有一定的保护效果,有利于对乐清湾渔业资源的可持续利用和生境保护,但渔获物中幼体数量仍占有较高的比例,说明网具规格需要进一步改进。该结果可为休闲渔船的管理提供参考。     

基于正交试验方法的四片式虾拖网结构参数优化

针对规格为40.3 m×(20.8~16.2)m的我国过洋性虾拖渔业四片式虾拖网,基于L_9(3~4)正交表,设计了网身长度(L_b)、下网袖长度(L_w)、侧网宽度(W_S)3种因素各3个水平的正交试验,并利用方差分析检测3种试验因素对网具阻力、能耗系数、L/R(袖端间距与阻力之比)系数影响的显著性,旨在对此种网具的网身长度与网口周长之比(L_b/C)、下网袖长度与网口周长之比(L_w/C)、侧网宽度与上网片宽度之比(W_S/W_U)这3种结构参数进行优化。结果表明,对网具阻力的影响因素由主到次依次是下网袖长度、网身长度、侧网宽度。对能耗系数的影响因素在水平扩张L/S(袖端间距/下纲长度)=0.45时由主到次依次是侧网宽度、网身长度、下网袖长度;但在水平扩张L(袖端间距)=10 m时,下网袖长度为主影响因素。对L/R系数的主影响因素为下网袖长度。此类型网具的L_b/C应比小网目底层拖网略小,但在较大的范围内(0.26~0.38)变化亦不会对网具水动力性能有显著影响。L_w/C=0.31为试验的最佳水平,下网袖长度为3种因素中对网具性能影响最显著的因素。W_S/W_U=0.19为试验的最佳水平,侧网宽度应优先满足虾拖网作业对网口高度的要求,在此基础上,尽量缩小W_S/W_U值,不必拘泥于W_S/W_U结构参数值。     

Night sampling improves indices used for management of yellow perch in Lake Erie

Abstract  Catch rate (catch per hour) was examined for age-0 and age-1 yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), captured in bottom trawls from 1991 to 2005 in western Lake Erie: (1) to examine variation of catch rate among years, seasons, diel periods and their interactions; and (2) to determine whether sampling during particular diel periods improved the management value of CPH data used in models to project abundance of age-2 yellow perch. Catch rate varied with year, season and the diel period during which sampling was conducted as well as by the interaction between year and season. Indices of abundance of age-0 and age-1 yellow perch estimated from night samples typically produced better fitting models and lower estimates of age-2 abundance than those using morning or afternoon samples, whereas indices using afternoon samples typically produced less precise and higher estimates of abundance. The diel period during which sampling is conducted will not affect observed population trends but may affect estimates of abundance of age-0 and age-1 yellow perch, which in turn affect recommended allowable harvest. A field experiment throughout western Lake Erie is recommended to examine potential benefits of night sampling to management of yellow perch.     

单船拖网网板的现状及发展趋势

本文根据调查资料,结合研究开发及应用经验,着重介绍国内、外单船拖网网板的使用和研究开发现状,比较不同类型网板的结构型式和作业特点,并对6种具有代表性拖网网板的水动力性能进行对比分析,同时根据国内、外拖网网板的发展趋势,提出今后网板研究、开发的几点看法。