东阳义乌水权交易的第三方效应及对策研究

运用系统分析方法、比较分析方法和典型案例法,结合东阳义乌地区水权交易的经典案例,着重阐释了水权交易过程中产生的第三方正效应和第三方负效应,提出对水权交易第三方正效应进行多样化补偿和对第三方负效应采取预防、保障、补偿三结合的治理措施,以解决水权交易过程中的公平和效率问题。     

稻田青蛙种群动态及其作用评价

文中根据稻田青蛙种群密度消长调查和蛙胃解剖内容物的分析,评价了稻田青蛙对主要水稻害虫的控制效果。     

大豆秸秆菌糠喂牛的效果研究

本试验用大豆秸秆菌糠替代50％,70％和100％粗饲料（干玉米秸）饲喂鲁西牛。结果表明,大豆秸秆菌糠替代粗饲料的比例以50％为宜,日增重比 对照组高131g,提高29．91％,差异极显著（P＜0．05）。     

复方罗红霉素可溶性粉对鸡葡萄球菌病的疗效试验

采用人工诱发的病理模型,按推荐剂量治疗,验证复方罗红霉素可溶性粉对鸡(试验时30日龄)葡萄球菌病的疗效.试验结果表明,复方罗红霉素可溶性粉对鸡葡萄球菌病有很好的治疗效果,有效率达96.7%;推荐剂量治疗组的死亡率极显著地低于感染对照组(P<0.01);推荐剂量治疗组与健康对照组的增重差异不显著(P>0.05),但极显著高于感染对照组(P<0.01).     

地胆头注射液的制备及其体外抑菌效果研究

分别用3种不同浓度的乙醇水溶液进行热回流浸提,制备地胆头原液.然后用醇溶液调pH值法除去鞣质以及乙醚脱脂、活性炭脱色等方法进行除杂脱色,制备地胆头有效部位注射液.对地胆头注射液进行了质量和安全性检查及体外药效试验.结果表明,制备的地胆头注射液对金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎双球菌、大肠埃希氏杆菌和肠炎沙门氏菌均有明显的抑制作用,其中用65%乙醇提取制备的地胆头注射液效果最好,3种注射液都具有很好的澄明度和安全性.     

Stimulating effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos on host searching and infestation efficacy of a parasitoid wasp

Hymenopterous parasitoids play an important role in the control of insect populations. During oviposition, Hymenopterous parasitoids use cues such as odours from their environment to locate their specific host. Leptopilina heterotoma (parasitoid of Drosophila larvae) locate their host by probing the substrate with the ovipositor. This behaviour can be induced by the odour of the host substrate alone. We analysed the sub-lethal effects of chlorpyrifos at LD20 on the probing activity in response to a fruit odour (banana). The insecticide increased the percentage of females spontaneously probing in response to the odour. Parasitoid females were then conditioned to associate banana odour with the oviposition in host larvae. This conditioning enables parasitoids to memorize the odour and to increase their probing response to this odour. During the olfactory conditioning, females exposed to the insecticide found and oviposited in host larvae more quickly than control females. One hour after the olfactory conditioning, females exposed to the insecticide presented a higher increase of their probing response to the odour than controls. Twenty-four hours after conditioning, the stimulation produced by chlorpyrifos was no longer perceptible, but the level of response of conditioned females was still higher than that of non-conditioned females, showing that odour memory was not impaired by the insecticide treatment. These sub-lethal effects, that stimulate host searching by parasitoids without impairing odour memorization, could increase their parasitic efficiency.     

Risks to the aquatic ecosystem from the application of Metarhizium anisopliae for locust control in Australia

Laboratory tests of Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum Driver & Milner, at a dose of 1.3 x 10(6) conidia ml-1, had no adverse effects on nymphs of mayfly, Ulmerophlebia sp or 8-week-old fry of the rainbow fish, Melanotaenia duboulayi Castelnau. This dose was toxic to the cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, causing 100% mortality in 48 h. When this test was repeated at doses of up to 6.7 x 10(3) conidia ml-1, there was only 5% mortality after 192 h. Spraying of artificial water sources with a very high dose of the fungus as an aqueous spray resulted in 80-130 conidia ml-1 at 15 cm depth in the first 24 h after spraying. The conidia rapidly settled out and were absent from the top 15 cm layer of water after about 50 h. A similar experiment using the oil formulation as used in field control resulted in a 2- to 20-fold lower level of conidia in the water. Finally, sampling actual water sources in spray areas revealed a very low level of contamination of the water, with a maximum mean level of 29 conidia ml-1 in the first 24 h after treatment. Thus the level of conidia likely to enter water during control campaigns is a small fraction of that required to kill cladocerans, the only sensitive non-target organism tested. It is concluded that the biopesticide is very unlikely to pose any hazard to aquatic organisms.     

Heterosis, direct and maternal genetic effects on semen quality traits of rabbits

A complete diallel cross involving two rabbit sire lines (C and R) was carried out to estimate the crossbreeding genetic parameters of seminal traits. 2140 ejaculates from 153 males were analyzed. The traits studied were: presence of gel plugs (G), urine (U), and calcium carbonate deposits (CC), number of useful ejaculates (UE), pH, volume (V), mass and individual motility (Mm, Mi), useful Mi (UM), concentration (Cn), number of spermatozoa per ejaculate (TSE), percentage of viable spermatozoa (Vi), spermatozoa with normal apical ridge (NAR), normal spermatozoa (Nr), spermatozoa with morphological abnormalities of head (H), neck-midpiece (Nm), and tail (T), presence of proximal and distal cytoplasmic droplet (Dp, Dd).

Estimates of heterosis, direct and maternal genetic effects were obtained from the solutions of the mixed model. There were major differences in direct genetic effects between lines, which were favourable to line C for Cn and TSE, and unfavourable for CC, Nm and Dp. Smaller differences were also observed in Vi and NAR favourable to line R. Differences between lines with respect to the maternal genetic effects were relevant and favourable to line C for V and to line R for U, UM, Cn, TSE, Nm, Mi, and Mm. Individual heterosis was high for Dp and Dd.     

Investigations on potential dietetic effects of lactulose in pigs

Effects of lactulose (lac) as feed additive on chyme and feces quality in pigs (reared piglets: n = 10; fattening pigs: n = 20) were tested. Furthermore, fattening pigs were experimentally infected with Salmonella Derby (orally 2.6 × 10⁸ cfu/pig, single dose infection on 1 day) to examine potential prophylactical effects. Pigs were fed a conventional diet ad libitum (in the control group without lac, in the experimental group including lac: 28.6/26.9 g lac/kg dry matter). In piglets and fattening pigs lac intake did not alter fecal dry matter (DM) content or feces pH. Contrary to findings in human beings only small amounts of lac reached the hindgut, although higher lac concentrations were measured in ileal chyme (in piglets: 10–40 g, in fattening pigs 40–70 g lac/kg DM of chyme). Lac ingestion led neither to increased concentrations of lactic acid or volatile fatty acids (vfa) nor to reduced pH data in chyme of small intestine, but in cecum and colon contents higher vfa concentrations (significant effects in piglets) were measured. Furthermore, lac ingestion resulted in reduced ammonia levels in small and large intestine contents. But no protective effects of lac ingestion were recognized when fattening pigs were infected orally with Salmonella Derby. Due to the fact that only parts of lac reach the hindgut there are doubts, whether lac can lead to comparable dietetic effects in pigs as known from human beings (laxation, forced elimination of bacteria a.s.o.). The obtained results in pigs underline the necessity of experimental studies in the target species before substances are used and recommended for dietetic purposes in feeding of pigs.     

不同药剂对山楂叶螨的亚致死效应

在室内采用叶碟饲养的方法,利用生命表技术研究了四螨嗪、阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯及三唑锡对山楂叶螨的亚致死效应.结果表明,在成虫期,LC10、LC25剂量的阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯及三唑锡可使成螨的产卵量显著降低,除甲氰菊酯LC10外,其余处理可使次代种群的内禀增长率（rm）由0.173降低至0.133～0.167;在若螨Ⅰ期,LC10、LC25剂量的阿维菌素可使rm由0.237降低至0.197～0.199;甲氰菊酯LC10对雌螨的产卵有明显的刺激作用,rm由0.237提高到0.259,而LC25则无明显影响;在卵期,四螨嗪LC10对rm无明显影响,但LC50、LC25可使rm由0.173降低至0.149～0.154.