Reduced tillage with residue retention improves soil labile carbon pools and carbon lability and management indices in a seven-year trial with wheat-mung bean-rice rotation

Soil total organic carbon (TOC) is a composite indicator of soil quality with implications for crop production and the regulation of soil ecosystem services. Research reports on the dynamics of TOC as a consequence of soil management practices in subtropical climatic conditions, where microbial carbon(C) loss is high, are very limited. The objective of our study was to evaluate the impact of seven years of continuous tillage and residue management on soil TOC dynamics (quantitative and qualitati...     

中国蔬菜绿色全要素生产率时空特征与空间错位

为评估中国蔬菜绿色生产率,提升蔬菜生产绿色发展水平,推进农业高质量发展。该研究采用超效率SBM-ML模型、空间错位指数、主成分分析法等方法,探究2011—2020年中国30个省市蔬菜绿色全要素生产率的时空格局演变与空间错位特征,识别影响中国蔬菜绿色全要素生产率的主要因素。研究结果发现：1）2011—2020年中国蔬菜绿色全要素生产率整体呈下降趋势,由1.023 1降低到0.741 4,蔬菜生产与生态环境可持续发展的协调程度降低,其中技术效率下降和技术退步共同拖累了蔬菜绿色全要素生产率的提高。2）2011—2020年中国蔬菜绿色全要素生产率增长呈“东高西低,南高北低”的空间分布特征。北回归线以南产区蔬菜绿色全要素生产率最高,西北产区蔬菜绿色全要素生产率最低,其差异主要取决于水土资源供给状况与市场需求规模等因素。3）2011—2020年中国蔬菜绿色全要素生产率与技术效率的空间错位由北向南大致呈现“正向错位—负向错位”的变化趋势,整体以低错位为主。东北产区、中部产区地势平坦,农业生产条件良好,有利于蔬菜规模化种植。2011—2020年中国蔬菜绿色全要素生产率与技术进步的空间错位呈显著的“东正西负”的空间分布特征,且空间错位程度较大,负向错位省份数量由13个增至17个。由于蔬菜生产过于追求经济效益,忽视了绿色生产技术的投入。4）经济发展水平、资源环境禀赋和交通通达性是影响中国省域蔬菜绿色全要素生产率变化的主要因素,其中城镇化率和人均可支配收入等经济要素对蔬菜绿色全要素生产率的影响最为明显。研究结果可准确把握现阶段蔬菜绿色生产现状,为农业绿色转型发展提供借鉴。     

去势术对雄性中华田园犬脂代谢的影响

[目的] 研究去势术对雄性中华田园犬脂代谢的影响。[方法] 将12只年龄、体重相近的中华田园犬分为非手术组和去势组,对去势组中华田园犬进行去势手术,观察并测定术前第1天、术后第14天、术后第21天血清中甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）含量,以非手术组作为对照,分析去势术对雄性犬脂代谢的影响。[结果] 去势组与非手术组相比,血清中TG含量在第14天到第21天显著上升;血清中TC含量相比非手术组呈下降趋势;HDL第14天和第21天都低于非手术组;LDL都高于非手术组,整体呈上升趋势。[结论] 去势手术会影响雄性中华田园犬机体脂类代谢,会导致去势犬甘油三酯升高,总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白下降,低密度脂蛋白上升。     

土壤总砷测定前处理方法探讨

采用加标回收方法比较研究了5种土壤总砷测定的前处理方法(分别为浓HNO3-浓H2SO4-HC1O4法、王水法、浓HNO3-浓H2SO4-V2O5法、浓HNO3-浓H2SO4-V2O5Ⅰ法和浓HNO3-浓H2SO4-V2O5Ⅱ法),结果表明,5种前处理方法的加标回收率在89.9%～102%之间,变异系数在0.56%～5.27%之间。其中,浓HNO3-浓H2SO4-V2O5Ⅰ法处理,土壤所用消解时间40min左右,其回收率较高,在98.5%～99.1%之间,变异系数较小,在0.56%～0.85%之间;该前处理方法具有消解时间最短、加标回收率和精密度高及重现性最好的特点,优于其他4种前处理方法,可作为推荐方法应用。     

钼对滇重楼生长、养分和总皂甙含量的影响

采用盆栽试验,设4个施钼水平,即0、0.2、0.4、0.8 mg/kg,研究了施钼对滇重楼生长、养分元素含量和根茎总皂甙含量的影响。结果表明,与不施钼相比,施钼显著提高了滇重楼株高、光合速率、生物量和根茎产量,分别以0.4、0.2、0.4、0.2mg/kg处理最高。中低施钼水平（0.2、0.4mg/kg）下,叶和新根茎氮含量呈增加的趋势,高施钼水平（0.8mg/kg）可显著降低叶和新根茎氮含量;施钼降低了叶和新根茎中的磷含量,但增加了地上茎中的磷含量;施钼增加了叶中钾含量,但降低了茎中钾含量。各施钼处理叶、地上茎、新根茎中钼含量均显著高于不施钼处理;随施钼水平的增加,各部位钼含量呈先增加后降低的趋势。与不施钼相比,各施钼处理新根茎中总皂甙含量显著增加,以Mo 0.8 mg/kg处理最高。综合考虑滇重楼生长、药用部位生物量累积、钼和总皂甙含量,本试验条件下,以施Mo 0.2～0.4 mg/kg较为适宜。     

农田土壤碳氮及其与气象因子的关系

为揭示土壤碳氮受外界环境因子的影响,基于辽宁省51个农业气象站的代表性,分析了土壤有机碳和全氮的剖面分布及其与气象因子、地理因子的关系。结果表明,土壤表层（0~20 cm）有机碳和全氮含量总体高于土壤下层（20~40 cm）;不同土层土壤有机碳和全氮受年降水量、年平均气温的影响程度不同。土壤表层有机碳和全氮受年降水量、年平均气温的显著或极显著影响（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;土壤下层有机碳和全氮均与年平均气温呈显著负相关（P〈0.01）,而与年降水量不成显著相关。经度与土壤表层有机碳和土壤下层全氮呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）,而纬度和海拔不影响土壤有机碳和全氮。不同土层有机碳、全氮与气象因子的回归方程为农田生态系统的碳收支评估及养分循环提供基础资料。     

种植年限对设施菜田土壤剖面磷素累积特征的影响

以山东寿光集约化设施菜田为研究对象,分析了不同种植年限设施菜田土壤磷素投入和土壤磷素累积的差异,比较不同种植年限土壤剖面中无机磷、有机磷、Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量的变化特征。结果表明：磷素过量积累是设施菜田的显著特征,主要由于有机肥以粪肥投入为主,复合肥中P素比例偏高,收获作物带走量仅占磷素投入的7.2%;随着种植年限增加,P素累积现象明显,过量的磷素盈余导致了土壤剖面中不同形态磷含量的上升,其中以无机磷尤其明显;用来表征土壤有效磷指标的Olsen-P与CaCl2-P有显著的相关性,研究区域中当土壤（Olsen-P）达到80.7mg·kg-1时,土壤CaCl2-P开始显著升高,增大了设施菜田磷素淋溶风险。     

长期用生活污水处理厂排放的废水浇灌影响了糙米和土壤中重金属的含量

A pot experiment was conducted in a plastic film house to evaluate the translocation and uptake of heavy metals(Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn) into brown rice(Oryza sativa L.) and the heavy metals residues in soils which had previously been irrigated with domestic wastewater for a long time(3 years).The range of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn was 5.10 ± 0.01,0.105 ± 0.017,5.76 ± 0.42,and 23.56 ± 1.40 mg kg-1,respectively in the domestic wastewater-irrigated soil,and 0.370 ± 0.006,0.011 ± 0.001,0.340 ± 0.04,and 2.05 ± 0.18 mg kg-1,respectively,in the domestic wastewater-irrigated brown rice.The results indicated that application of domestic wastewater to arable land slightly increased the levels of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn in soil and brown rice(P < 0.01).The concentrations of heavy metals in brown rice were lower than the recommended tolerable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.However,the continuous monitoring and pollution control of hazardous materials from domestic wastewater are needed in order to prevent excessive build-up of heavy metals in the food chain.     

Response of Rice Seedlings to Copper Toxicity and Acidity

Metal toxicity and soil acidity affect plant growth. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to simulate effects of pH and copper concentration [Cu] on early growth and biomass production of high-yielding rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. ‘NIAB 6’). The rice seedlings were allowed to grow in Yoshida nutrient solution with 1 (control), 8, 16, and 32 μM Cu at buffered pH levels of 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Shoot and root growth, leaf chlorophyll content, and root lipid peroxidation and K⁺ leakage of 15-day-old rice seedlings were determined. Results show that [Cu] had significant adverse effects on rice seedlings. Shoot height and root length were reduced by 18%–60% and 7%–69%, respectively, compared with the control, and shoot and root weight decreased by 26%–56%, and 25%, respectively, in response to progressive increases in [Cu]. Similarly, leaf chlorophyll content decreased by 150%–245% compared with the control treatment. Rice seedling roots suffered from significant increases in lipid peroxidation followed by K⁺ leakage (> 8–23 times) in response to increasing [Cu]. Averaged across [Cu], seedling growth and biomass were greater at pH 5.5 than at other pH treatments. In some instances, increasing pH minimized the adverse effects of Cu at low concentrations on rice seedlings.     

基于大尺度低密度样点的东北土壤全氮空间插值方法比较

基于全国第二次土壤普查东北地区土壤数据,以ArcGIS和GS⁺软件为支撑,对比分析了反距离加权法(IDW)、径向基函数(RBF)、普通克里金(OK)和回归克里金(RK)4种地统计空间插值方法在7个不同样本容量下土壤全氮含量(STNC)的空间插值效果。结果表明,由普查数据得到的东北地区STNC在0.08~21.48 g/kg之间,数据变异性较大;STNC空间结构表现出中强度空间自相关性,空间自相关范围大于同区域的小尺度采样研究;样本容量<171时,STNC空间变异性发生变化,空间结构特征和精度检验水平难以确信。4种空间插值方法对STNC空间趋势表达均呈现从东北向西南方向递减规律,空间趋势预测效果为:RK >OK >RBF >IDW。RK方法通过线性回归分析添加了阳离子交换容量(CEC)、年均温(MAT)、土层厚度(d)和pH值等辅助信息,比IDW,RBF和OK方法的插值精度分别提高了19.40%,18.50%和16.15%;在不同样本容量下RK方法的插值精度较为稳定且对无样点区STNC的空间趋势预测也体现出了更多细节信息,因此对于大尺度低密度采样的土壤属性空间插值可重点考虑RK方法。