滇中昆明地区森林火灾的火环境研究

通过分析滇中昆明地区1980—2009年30年间以10年划分的月平均气象资料,整理相关森林火灾资料,对森林可燃物进行分类,同时结合基础地形、地貌特征,研究森林火灾形成的火环境,结果表明:火环境趋于有利于森林火灾的发生。近30年昆明的月平均最高气温逐渐增加,相对湿度降低,但平均最大风速降低,而3,4月份平均月降水量几乎都是全年的最低,不足30 mm,2009—2013年的持续干旱对森林火灾的发生有着更深刻的影响;复杂的地形、地势也有利于森林火灾的产生、传播,特别是山高、坡陡;主要针叶树种为易燃的云南松和华山松,可燃物非常丰富,在持续干旱的背景下更易孕育重大森林火灾。     

中国主要水蚀典型区侵蚀地形特征分析

地形是影响地表水文和土壤侵蚀的主要环境因素,坡度、坡长和LS因子是土壤侵蚀模型的重要参数。该文以第四次全国土壤侵蚀普查项目为依托,在ANUDEM软件环境中建立25m分辨率文地貌关系正确的DEM(Hydrologically Correct Digital Elevation Model,Hc-DEM),提取了坡度、坡长并计算了LS因子,对中国主要水蚀地区的土壤侵蚀地形因子的空间及统计特征进行了分析,并将该数据与目前应用较为广泛的2种遥感高程数据进行了对比。结果表明,25m分辨率Hc-DEM可用以表达各典型样区地形特征,其上提取的坡度和坡长,符合一般地貌学原理和常规认识;坡度在东北地区最为平缓(0.8°),而在黄土丘陵区最陡(22.3°);坡长则在东北地区最长而黄土丘陵区最短(479m和69m);在地势比较低的河谷和地势较高的分水地带坡度比较平缓,而在分水岭到河谷冲积平原之间坡度较陡;在地形起伏较大的陡坡丘陵或坡度平缓的丘陵,坡长均比较大;LS因子的空间分布格局与坡度基本一致;该文得到的数据与ASTER和SRTM遥感高程数据对比具有明显优势,全国土壤侵蚀普查项目建立的DEM,在全国、省区和大流域尺度上的土壤侵蚀评价制图中具有不可替代性。该文阐明了中国主要水蚀区的侵蚀地形特征,为土壤侵蚀学、水文学中地形因子的提取提供了参考。     

砒砂岩区水力侵蚀下坡面微地貌变化特征及过程研究

解决砒砂岩区坡面的产流产沙问题对黄河流域生态安全具有重要意义,选取砒砂岩裸露坡面为研究对象,在自然降雨条件下采用野外径流小区实测结合三维激光扫描技术,分析13次有效降雨过程砒砂岩坡面微地貌的变化过程及产流产沙特征.结果表明,径流小区内坡面土壤平均侵蚀深度为26 mm,侵蚀区占径流小区总面积的95.27％,单位面积上侵蚀...     

Soil dispersion tests combined with topographical information can describe field‐scale sediment and phosphorus losses

Methods for estimating sediment and phosphorus (P) transfer from agricultural land to surface waters are needed to mitigate their adverse impact on water quality. This study quantified sediment and P losses from five agricultural fields and evaluated the patterns observed based on the intrinsic risk of sediment and P mobilization from the soil, together with field topographical and hydrological data. The mobilization risk was estimated using the environmental soil dispersion test DESPRAL. High‐resolution LiDAR elevation data and crop management data were used to describe transport and delivery of the material mobilized. Annual flow‐weighted suspended solids (SS) concentration in drainage water ranged from 48 to 374 mg/L, total P (TP) from 0.12 to 0.39 mg/L and unreactive P (UP) from 0.08 to 0.33 mg/L. The mobilization risk, measured as turbidity in the aliquot recovered from the dispersion test, varied from 781 to 2310 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). The method proved to be efficient in describing and differentiating sediment and P mobilization potential between fields. The topographical data also showed large differences between fields, with the length–slope (LS) parameter varying from 0.037 to 0.999. Based on assessments of source (mobilization risk) and transport factors (LS, crop management data), it was possible to characterize fields as favoured or limited in terms of source and transport and to explain the long‐term SS and P losses observed at field scale.     

Modeling Tree Loss Versus Tree Recruitment Processes in SW Iberian Rangelands as Influenced by Topography and Land use and Management

The sustainability of Iberian open wooded rangelands is threatened by recent land use changes and lack of tree recruitment. As trees are key elements of these systems, the characterization of their spatiotemporal trend is essential for the system's management. Our objective is to develop spatial models reflecting the temporal dynamic of trees in terms of recent tree loss and tree gain processes in farms, evaluating the influence on the models of topography and land use and management. Aerial photographs of 1956 and 2009 were compared, analyzing lost and new trees in five dehesas of Extremadura (Spain). Multivariate adaptive regression splines was used to produce the spatial models that characterize the proneness of an area to undergo tree loss or recruitment. Models showed good performances. Although land use and management intensively influenced on tree dynamics, because it depends on topography, models built by considering just the topographic variables showed only slightly lower fitness. Tree recruitment mostly happened in the marginal places with steep slopes, while tree loss occurred in elevated, gently undulated and more intensively used places of the farms. A spatial polarization of both processes has been observed that leads to the lack of replacement of lost trees. The work provides some clues on the design of tree management procedures for dehesas and montados. The implementation of measures to address the degradation processes in dehesas should take into account the spatial arrangement of the areas where tree loss or gain is actually happening or it is likely to occur. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

永安市巨尾桉人工林生长的区位效应初步研究

依据调查样地资料,分别对永安市巨尾桉人工林在不同小地形、不同坡位和不同坡向上的生长进行了研究,结果表明:山脊和山坡的林分生长量相差不大;山洼林分生长最好,其次为山脊和山坡,山顶林分生长最差;不同年龄、不同坡向的林分中,不同坡位的生长差异不大;巨尾桉在阳坡上生长明显优于半阴半阳坡的林分。     

地形效应下的区域蒸散遥感估算

在地表起伏地区,由于受到坡度、坡向等的影响,地表能量通量表现出与水平地表不一样的特征,为了定量表征起伏地表条件下的蒸散格局,以位于陕甘宁交界区的华池县、庆城县、镇原县、西峰区和合水县为研究区,从能量平衡原理入手,对各能量通量进行了量化计算,并着重考虑了蒸散的能量来源即地表净辐射的地形效应;同时,针对研究区地表特征,确定了土壤热通量的计算方案和感热通量的参数化方案,如零平面位移、动量粗糙长度、热量粗糙长度、动量和热量的稳定度校正项等算法;在此基础上,计算了研究区的瞬时蒸散,计算结果表明采用的蒸散遥感估算方案     

Synergistic induction of wheat stem rust appressoria by chemical and topographical signals

The leaf alcohols cis -3-hexen-1-ol and trans -2-hexen-1-ol have been previously shown to induce the wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) to differentiate appressoria in a complex axenic culture medium. In this paper, the possible role of these chemicals in appressorium induction during infection has been analysed further. The inductive potential of ethylene and three cutin monomers were also tested because they have been found to induce appressoria in other fungi. Both hexenols were found to be inductive in aqueous solution in the absence of media constituents. 0.5–1 m trans -2-hexen-1-ol was the most inductive resulting in a maximum of 51% appressorium differentiation. trans -2-hexen-1-ol was also shown to be inductive in vapour form. In aqueous solution, trans -2-hexen-1-ol acted synergistically with topographical signals by increasing the rate of appressorium induction. Combining the two signals also increased the total number of appressoria differentiated (88%). The other chemicals tested were non-inductive although a biochemical domain rich in exposed cutin was localized around stomatal apertures of wheat leaves. The characteristic bipolar morphology of appressoria formed over stomata was found to be determined by topographical signals. Overall, our data support a role for both chemical signals (hexenols or their analogues) and topographical signals being involved in appressorium induction by wheat stem rust.     

基于GIS的坡耕地数字高程模型的建立与应用

微地形是描述地表起伏状态的重要指标,也是地表径流和土壤侵蚀过程的重要影响因子。在微尺度上建立了不同耕作措施下黄土坡耕地的数字高程模型（DEM）,并对其空间特征进行了分析。结果表明,利用反距离加权插值法建立的微DEM模型能正确地再现坡耕地地表形态,利用其派生的微坡度、微坡向数据可作为研究土壤侵蚀空间差异的重要因子;微坡度分布特征与耕作措施密切相关,对于人工锄耕（CH）和人工掏挖（TW）措施,微坡度栅格统计数随着微坡度的增大呈先增大,后减小的变化趋势,而等高耕作（DG）措施下微坡度栅格统计数随着微坡度的增大而     

近30年来梵净山植被覆盖时空变化及影响因素分析

梵净山以生物多样性和生态过程的独特优势入选世界自然遗产提名地,为揭示其植被覆盖空间分布与环境因子的相关性及变化规律,选取1990-2016年3个时期Landsat TM/ETM/OLI遥感影像提取植被覆盖度和土地利用数据,分析了梵净山植被覆盖度时空变化特征。结果表明:（1）近30年间,植被覆盖度呈"减少-增加"变化,缓冲区植被覆盖度变化敏感度高于提名地;（2）地形因子在水热条件方面不同程度上影响各等级植被覆盖度的空间分布,低山（<900 m）、低中山（900~1 600 m）植被覆盖度高且面积占比较大,斜坡、陡坡、急坡的植被覆盖度占较大比重,分别为33.33%,28.48%,12.18%,阳坡、半阳坡的植被覆盖度高于阴坡和半阴坡且差异性明显;（3）梵净山植被覆盖度变化受人类活动影响,导致地表覆盖改变而使植被覆盖度呈现典型碎斑状和带状的空间特征,缓冲区城镇化发展对生态环境的压力越来越大,提名地的旅游设施建设导致植被覆盖减少日趋明显。