阿尔泰山小东沟林区乔木物种丰富度空间分布规律

对一定区域内生物多样性的合理保护往往需要在景观水平上了解生物多样性分布的总体规律.借助于典型抽样调查和遥感及地理信息系统相结合的方法来预测物种丰富度是定量研究生物多样性宏观分布规律的重要途径.以阿尔泰山小东沟林区为对象,在外业调查的基础上,选取主要气象因子、地形因子和植被指数(NDVI)作为预测变量,利用主成分分析和多元回归分析分别提取主要环境信息和构建物种丰富度预测模型,借助ArcGIS9.1的空间分析功能,得到了阿尔泰山小东沟林区乔木物种丰富度空间分布预测图,并利用残差图评价其精度.将小东沟乔木物种丰富度预测图分别与坡度、坡向和海拔图叠加,分析不同地形条件下乔木物种丰富度的空间分布规律.结果表明:占总研究区面积70.28％的区域,其乔木物种丰富度在3到4种之间.坡度0-5°的地形条件下乔木物种丰富度出现频率最高的数值是3,其余坡度条件下,乔木物种丰富度出现频率最高的数值是4;乔木物种丰富度在西坡和西北坡出现频率最高的数值是3,其余坡向乔木物种丰富度出现频率最高的数值均是4;海拔梯度上,乔木物种丰富度出现频率最高的数值呈现先增加后减少的趋势.残差类型面积统计表明,较强预测水平面积和中等预测水平面积占研究区总面积的94.62％,表明预测效果较好.     

R语言在橡胶林动态监测地形图绘制方面的应用

为开展橡胶林生物多样性动态监测,2012年由中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所在海南儋州试验场四队橡胶林中建立了1 hm2动态监测样地。基于海南儋州1 hm2橡胶林动态监测样地的高程数据,介绍了R软件等高线图、三维立体图等方面的应用,希望对R软件的初学者有所帮助。     

黄土高原不同地形封育草地的土壤呼吸日动态与影响因子分析

采用动态密闭气室红外CO₂分析法(IRGA)对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同地形的封育草地土壤呼吸速率日动态进行了测定,并分析了土壤呼吸与土壤温度、土壤水分、地下生物量和地形间的关系。研究结果显示,草地的土壤呼吸日动态呈单峰曲线,最小值为0.393~1.103 μmol/(m²·s),出现在凌晨;最大值为1.034～1.405 μmol/(m²·s),出现在14时左右,可以用正弦曲线拟合;而且不同样地间土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度间的关系均可用指数函数描述。土壤日均呼吸速率在不同地形的草地间存在差异,平坦草地为1.229 μmol/(m²·s),东北坡15°, 30° 和45° 草地分别为1.138, 1.033和0.890 μmol/(m²·s);西南坡15°, 30° 和45° 草地分别为1.036, 0.859和0.379 μmol/(m²·s);土壤呼吸速率随坡度的增大而减小,东北坡土壤呼吸速率小于西南坡,与不同样地间土壤水分和地下生物量的变化趋势一致,而且研究结果表明土壤呼吸的这种差异主要是受地形影响的土壤水分和地下生物量空间分布差异性决定的,而不同样地间土壤平均温度差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

基于GIS的重庆北碚城区地貌信息提取

利用地理信息系统的空间分析功能,通过对重庆市北碚城区1∶5万数字高程模型数据进行处理,提取了研究区有关坡度、坡向、地表曲率、地形起伏度等地形特征要素,并进行定位表达与特征统计分析,获得了对北碚城市地貌特征的定位与定量化的总体认识,为研究区的城市规划等研究提供更深层次的资料和依据。     

陕西省地形起伏度最佳计算单元研究

[目的]确定陕西省地形起伏度最佳计算单元,分析地形起伏度的空间分布规律,为地貌类型划分提供基础数据。[方法]以陕西省90 m×90 m的航天飞机雷达地形测绘使命(SRTM)数字高程模型(DEM)数据为基础,首先利用邻域统计分析法〔矩形邻域选取2×2,3×3,4×4,…,35×35共34个不同大小的邻域窗口,圆形邻域窗口选取20个(邻域半径R为2~21)〕对陕西省地形起伏度进行提取,然后统计不同矩形窗口和圆形窗口下的各种地形起伏度类型所占面积比例,接着运用均值变点分析法计算最佳计算单元,最后完成陕西省地形起伏度分级图的绘制,并对地形起伏度特征进行分析。[结果]不同地形起伏度类型所占面积比例的变化各有不同。按矩形邻域计算的地形起伏度最佳计算单元为12×12,对应面积为898 704m2,按圆形邻域计算的地形起伏度最佳计算单元为R=8,对应面积为1 254 191.4m2,这说明在使用邻域分析法提取地形起伏度时,采用圆形邻域有别于采用矩形邻域。陕西省地形总体较平缓,主要以小起伏、中起伏为主。[结论]简单实用的均值变点分析法,是确定最佳计算单元的一种较为理想的方法。     

面向土地精细平整的车载三维地形测量系统设计与实现

设计开发了一种基于全地形车（ATV）的农田三维地形快速采集系统,系统由ATV车辆、RTK-GPS、田间作业辅助导航装置、车载计算机和数据采集软件等部分组成。采用高精度RTK-GPS自动测量三维地形数据,车载计算机能实时记录三维地形数据,辅助平行作业导航装置能指引数据采集车辆在测区进行全区域覆盖测量,以提高农田三维地形数据采集质量和效率。田间实测试验表明,基于ATV的三维地形数据自动采集系统测量的三维地形与人工RTK-GPS测量的三维地形与具有很好的空间一致性,最大平均偏差3.54 cm,最大标准偏差2.48 cm,能够满足农田土地精细平整三维地形数据采集工作的需要。     

Spatial variability of topsoils and vegetation in a grazed steppe ecosystem in Inner Mongolia (PR China)

It is not clear from the literature how the spatial distribution of topsoil and vegetation properties is affected by grazing cessation. Thus, the objective of this study was to elucidate if long‐term grazing exclosure increases spatial heterogeneity of topsoil and vegetation properties in a steppe ecosystem in NE China. Variograms and crossvariograms were calculated for bulk density, organic carbon (OC), total N, and total S concentration, δ¹³C, pH, Ah horizon thickness, vegetation cover, and aboveground biomass. Five sites with different grazing intensities (ungrazed since 1979, ungrazed since 1999, winter grazing, continuously grazed, heavily grazed) were sampled with two different grid sizes, allowing the exploration of scale effects. Small grids (15 m spacing, 5 m nested sampling) exhibited a different spatial structure compared to large grids (50 m spacing, 10 m nested sampling). Spatial distribution in small grids changed with grazing intensity. Generally, heterogeneity of topsoil properties increased with decreasing grazing intensity from a homogeneous to a patchy distribution. We attribute this to vegetation recovery/succession and deposition of windblown material in ungrazed areas. The plot ungrazed since 1999 showed different spatial dependencies than continuously and heavily grazed plots, but has not yet reached the high variability of the plot which was ungrazed since 1979. Large grid sampling did not detect small‐scale variability or grazing impacts, but showed spatial dependencies that were attributed to topography or soil erosion/deposition. Low OC concentration and low Ah thickness were associated with hilltop and shoulder positions, resulting in lower OC stocks at these topographic units.     

Role of site in the mortality and production of Acacia mangium plantations in Indonesia

In Indonesia, Acacia mangium plantations exceed 1.6 Mha contributing approximately 3.5% of the country’s GDP. The viability of these plantations is increasingly threatened by fungal pathogens, insect pests, squirrels, monkeys, elephants and wind damage. Studies indicate that the problem is growing and in some areas, fungal pathogens such as Ganoderma and Ceratocystis species have contributed up to 50% tree mortality by the fourth rotation. Multiple statistical procedures were employed to examine the influence of soil and topographical properties on tree survival (trees ha^?1), wood production (m³ ha^?1), and mortality associated with Ganoderma root rot, Ceratocystis wilt and by wind. Soil family level was found to be a good indicator of tree mortality. Plots with fine-loamy Typic Kandiudult soils had the highest tree survival and mortality associated with species of Ganoderma and Ceratocystis, but had the lowest incidence of mortality by wind. The degree of association between soil and topographic variables with tree survival, wood production and the cause of mortality were poor and inconsistent. Tree survival was slightly higher on upslope areas away from valley bottoms, and drier mid-slopes, ridges and hilltops, and very low pH (<3.3) soils. Wood production was also slightly higher in drier, elevated locations, away from valley bottoms. Mortality by wind was slightly higher in moist, poorly drained, low-lying valley bottoms and topographically flat areas. Our ability to further pinpoint the influence of topography and soil attributes on wood production and cause of mortality was greatly compromised by the lack of site-specific soil data, and potential misclassification of the cause of mortality. This study could not reliably or consistently relate tree survival, wood production or the cause of mortality to any one, or combination of, soil and topographic variables.     

基于波段比模型的地形调节植被指数组合算法构建与验证

为消除山区植被遥感监测中的地形影响,该文根据山区主要地物波谱曲线特征和波段比模型等基本原理,构建地形调节植被指数(topography-adjusted vegetation index,TAVI)组合算法。首先,提出TAVI研究思路。其次,利用山区Landsat8多光谱遥感影像分析山区主要地物波谱曲线特征,阐释TAVI光谱原理。接着,用红光波段数据构建新的阴影植被指数(shady vegetation index,SVI),并优选比值植被指数(ratio vegetation index,RVI)与SVI形成TAVI组合算法,再结合地形调节因子"极值优化"算法计算TAVI结果。最后,采用目视比较、统计分析和差值分析证明TAVI组合算法达到经大气加地形校正后遥感影像计算的NDVI的削减地形影响的效果,其与太阳入射角余弦值一元线性回归方程斜率降至0.035,相关系数降至0.075。TAVI组合算法可应用于山区植被信息和有关参数的遥感监测与估算。     

平原和丘陵区耕地地力评价及其指标体系衔接研究

耕地资源是粮食生产的重要基础,中国人多地少,科学地评价耕地质量对中国经济社会全面协调发展具有十分重要的意义.由于不同区域间自然和社会经济因素的巨大差异,目前耕地地力评价工作中,不同地区往往采用不同的评价指标体系,使评价结果难有可比性,给耕地的利用管理和保护工作带来不便.该文以山东茌平县和章丘市为代表样区,对平原区和丘陵区耕地地力评价及其指标体系的衔接进行分析研究.通过比较不同指标体系的评价结果,建立了相互转化的线性模型,实现了评价结果的统一可比性;为消除不同评价指标体系之间的差异,该文尝试建立统一的评价指标体系,在保证与原有评价结果一致的前提下,基本实现了不同地貌区域内耕地质量评价结果的统一.