自动控制补偿电容器柜的工作原理及应用

常用的电动机、变压器等电器设备功率因数较低,会造成大量的无功损耗。通过并联电力电容器,可补偿无功功率,提高系统功率因数。介绍自动控制补偿电容器柜并联补偿3种方式的补偿原理,并用实例说明电力电容补偿容量的确定方法。     

Thermal stability of carp G-actin monitored by loss of polymerization activity using an extrinsic fluorescent probe

ABSTRACT:   The thermal stability of carp G-actin was investigated by monitoring loss of actin polymerization ability. To determine the amount of native actin remaining after heat treatment, actin was labeled with a fluorescence reagent, N-(1-pyrene)iodoacetamide. The loss of polymerization ability of carp actin during heat treatment, at between 45 and 55°C, occurred faster than that of chicken actin. The inactivation rate was influenced by concentrations of ATP and Ca²⁺ in solution. With the increase of Ca²⁺ concentration, the inactivation of carp actin was markedly suppressed. Furthermore, the activation energy of the inactivation of carp actin obtained from an Arrhenius plot was similar to that of chicken actin. These results indicated that the thermal instability of carp G-actin was due to the low affinites of ATP and Ca²⁺ for carp actin described in a previous report.     

Induced thermotolerance and expression of heat shock protein 70 in sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   Thermal limits, induced thermotolerance and the expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in an echinoderm Apostichopus japonicus were studied. The sublethal and lethal temperatures for the juveniles were 30 and 34°C, respectively; a previous sublethal heat shock exposure (30°C, 2 h) could increase the survival rates of the sea cucumbers when they were exposed to 34°C. This induced thermotolerance could last for at least 2 days. Levels of Hsp70 increased substantially after sublethal heat shock exposure and linearly decreased with time. This result indicated that a close relationship existed between the induction of thermotolerance and the levels of Hsp70 in A. japonicus.     

加快推进和完善我国森林生态效益补偿制度的建设

森林资源是陆地生态系统的主体,森林不仅具有重要的经济效益,而且具有重要的环境生态效益。森林资源的建设和保护陷入了缺乏资金长效投入的困境,天保工程等重大工程的实施解决不了长远发展问题,为了保证我国经济发展和环境保护的协调发展,根据我国的现实情况,应制定一部《森林生态效益补偿法》,尽快全国范围内实施森生态效益补偿制度。文章就加快推进和完善我国的森林生态效益补偿制度建设作了初步分析。     

农杆菌介导的转高赖氨酸蛋白基因（sb401）水稻T4代分析

通过农杆菌介导的方法用富赖氨酸蛋白基因（sb401）转化粳稻品种日本晴,获得了独立的10个转化株系,对转化株系进行连续自交,通过筛选得到9个纯合的T4代转化株系。 Southern blotting分析发现,整合位点是随机的,并为低拷贝（1~3个）。TAI-PCR扩增得到8个T-DNA侧翼序列,并定位于日本晴的7条染色体上。蛋白质和氨基酸测定分析发现,sb401基因对各株系的蛋白质、赖氨酸和其他氨基酸组分的提高起到了一定的作用。将杂交结果与T-DNA插入位置结合分析发现,在低拷贝的情况下,表达量的差异不明显。     

Enhanced kernel set promoted by synchronous pollination determines a tradeoff between kernel number and kernel weight in temperate maize hybrids

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is strongly related to the number of harvested kernels, where kernel number can be increased by synchronously pollinating silks rather than allowing them to be progressively pollinated as they naturally appear from the husks. However, there is scarce evidence on how this practice affects kernel weight (KW) and plant grain yield (PGY), and no report exists on its effects when combined with treatments aimed to reduce apical dominance, like male sterility and detasseling. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (Exp₁ and Exp₂) using two hybrids, cropped at contrasting stand densities (3 and 9 plants per m²) and including (i) male-fertile and male-sterile versions, (ii) tasseled and detasseled plants, and (iii) natural (NP) and synchronous pollination (SP; pollen added manually to ears bagged 5 days after initial silking) systems. Tassel growth of sterile and fertile versions was also evaluated in a separate experiment (Exp₃). Detasseling increased the number of ears per plant reaching silking (P < 0.001) of NP plants, but this beneficial effect of reduced apical dominance did not improve kernel number per plant (KNP) or PGY. Similarly, the early arrest of anther growth in male-sterile plants had no clear benefit on KNP. In contrast, KNP was enhanced by synchronous pollination (range between −13% and +71%; average of +15.4% in Exp₁ and +3.9% in Exp₂). However, this pollination system promoted a decreased in KW (range between −30% and +4%; average of −11.8% in Exp₁ and −7.8 in Exp₂) such that the treatment had no effect on PGY (range between −19% and +37%; average of +1% in Exp₁ and −4% in Exp₂). Because plant growth rate around flowering was not different between pollination treatments, assimilate availability per kernel was reduced from ovary fertilization onwards in synchronously pollinated plants when compared to open pollinated plants. This explains the reduced KW when increasing KNP by synchronous pollination. In summary, none of the imposed treatments allowed grain yield to be increased at the plant level.     

杂色鲍同种移植炎症因子1的克隆及其在应激下的表达

同种移植炎症因子AIF-1 (allograft inflammatory factor 1,AIF-1)是一种由干扰素γ诱导的含有EF-hand结构域的钙离子结合蛋白,其功能主要是参与移植排斥、免疫炎症反应、自身炎性和非炎性的损伤等.首次克隆了杂色鲍AIF-1基因cDNA全序列,命名为HdAIF-1,其全长为942 bp,开放阅读框为456 bp,编码151个氨基酸.实时荧光定量PCR结果表明:HdAIF-1在杂色鲍各组织中均有表达,其中在血淋巴和鳃中表达量最高.高温应激下,HdAIF-1在鳃组织中各时相表达均显著上调,并在温度升至31℃时达到最高.而血淋巴和肝胰腺中HdAIF-1在高温应激前4个时相表达无显著差异,到了96 h均显著上调.缺氧应激下,HdAIF-1在血淋巴中表达变化没有显著差异,而鳃中24 h显著下调,192 h显著上调.副溶血弧菌感染实验表明HdAIF-1基因在感染后3、24和48 h均检测到HdAIF-1的表达量显著上调.高温和缺氧应激以及弧菌感染均显示HdAIF-1基因表达量发生显著变化,说明HdAIF-1可能作为免疫因子在杂色鲍应激等状况下发挥重要作用.     

刚柔耦合串联机械臂末端位置误差分析与补偿

机械臂连杆柔性、关节柔性等非线性变形的综合影响,导致其末端位置发生偏离而产生误差。本文以IRB1410型串联机械臂为研究对象,采用理论分析、仿真分析与实验验证相结合的方式,对机械臂末端位置误差进行分析与补偿研究。首先,建立机械臂刚柔耦合理论误差模型,并运用Newmarkβ法进行数值仿真分析;联合ANSYS和ADAMS进行刚柔耦合机械臂末端位置运动误差仿真;为了实现快速补偿,提出基于BP神经网络的伪目标点法对位置误差进行补偿,补偿后其位置误差均方根减小了68.3%,说明该方法具有较好的补偿效果;最后,自主设计并搭建了测量实验平台,采用所提算法进行了误差补偿实验,对比补偿前后距离误差,补偿后误差均方根减小了77.01%,验证了伪目标点法对柔性误差补偿的有效性。     

侧风影响下喷头倾斜角度对雾滴飘移补偿

为研究植保喷雾作业中在不同风速和喷头倾斜角度下对水平喷雾的雾滴飘移的影响,设置3个风速水平（1、2、3 m/s）与4个喷头倾斜角度水平（0°、15°、30°、45°）进行喷雾试验,测定了不同水平的雾滴分布,以风速为0、喷头倾斜角度为0°的常规作业水平作为对照组,对垂直和水平两个方向的雾滴质量分布中心与变异系数进行分析。结果表明,垂直方向上,侧风风速与喷头倾斜角度对垂直雾滴质量分布中心的影响在±3 cm范围内整体影响较小,而侧风风速与喷头倾斜角度的增大都会使垂直方向变异系数减小,在1～3 m/s的风速下垂直方向变异系数减小的最大值分别为12.3、6.0、16.0个百分点,提高了雾滴在垂直方向上的均匀性。水平方向上,不同风速和喷头倾斜角度都会对雾滴飘移产生影响,随着喷头倾斜角度的增大,雾滴受风速的影响程度会减小,当喷头倾斜角的补偿量超过了当前风速下对雾滴的飘移量,会使雾滴飘移产生过补偿,在高风速时喷头倾斜角度的改变会带来更大的雾滴飘移改变。侧风风速与喷头倾斜角度对水平方向上变异系数会产生较大影响：随着喷头倾斜角度的增大,水平变异系数也随之增大,而风速的变化使水平变异系数呈现先增大后减小的趋势。拟合了喷头倾斜角度与风速对雾滴飘移的影响模型,并计算出在1、2、3 m/s风速条件下,最佳补偿的喷头倾斜角度分别为3°、7°、11°。该研究为植保作业中雾滴飘移改善技术提供参考。     

华北平原潮土区粮田氮淋失阻控措施及效果分析

华北平原潮土区是我国重要的粮食主产区,改革开放40多年来该区农业经历了以高水肥投入为主要特征的集约化进程,相应的氮淋失导致的面源污染自20世纪90年代以来不断加剧。本研究针对华北平原潮土为主要类型的粮田,对过去40多年间主要研究文献进行全面分析,梳理氮肥和水分投入与氮淋失之间的定量关系,比较主要农田管理措施对氮淋失的阻控效果及其机理,以期为我国农业面源污染提供决策支持。研究发现,氮肥和灌溉是影响华北平原潮土区粮田氮淋失的主要因素,其中氮淋失与氮盈余量之间呈指数关系,比与施氮量的指数关系更显著。基于机器学习的随机森林回归模型能够考虑包括施肥、灌溉、土壤条件和气象等多因素对氮淋失的影响,未来在定量预测中有较好前景。同等氮肥投入条件下,由于氮供应与作物吸收契合度高,有机无机配施能显著降低氮淋失。以缓控释肥、尿酶和硝化抑制剂为代表的肥料增效剂可以降低约1/3的氮淋失,值得重点推广应用。秸秆还田可以实现包括提高土壤有机物和微生物氮库、增加无机氮缓冲容量等综合效益,有利于降低氮淋失风险(降低比例达10%),但免耕的阻控效应较低且呈现较大不确定性。调整种植制度、休耕、间作套种和种植填闲作物等措施会影响粮食产量,推广过程中应慎重。氮淋失的阻控效果更多受到社会、经济和政策等因素的影响,今后应采取包括生态补偿等手段发挥农民主动性,从政策和法律法规层面创造实施氮淋失阻控措施的社会环境。