A novel approach to studying the effects of temperature on soil biogeochemistry using a thermal gradient bar

The temperature dependence of chemical reaction rates and microbial metabolism mean that temperature is a key factor regulating soil trace gas emissions and hydrochemistry. Here we evaluated a novel approach for studying the thermal response of soils, by examining the effects of temperature on gas emissions and hydrochemistry in (a) peat and (b) soil from a Sitka spruce plantation. A thermal gradient was applied along an aluminium bar, allowing soil to be incubated contemporaneously from 2 to 18 °C. The approach demonstrated clear differences in the biogeochemical responses of the two soil types to warming. The peat showed no significant emission of CH₄ at temperatures below 6 °C, while above 6 °C, a marked increase in the rate of release was apparent up to 15 °C (Q₁₀ = 2.5) with emissions being similar between 15 and 18 °C. Conversely, CH₄ emissions from the forest soil did not respond to warming. Nitrate availability in the peat decreased by 90% between 2 and 18 °C (P < 0.01), whereas concentrations in the forest soil did not respond. Sulphate availability in the peat decreased significantly with warming (60%, P < 0.01), while the forest soil showed the opposite response (a 30% increase, P < 0.01). Conventionally, thermal responses are studied by incubating individual soil samples at different temperatures, involving lengthy preparation and facilities to incubate samples at different temperatures simultaneously. Data collected on a given thermal response is usually limited and thus interpolated or extrapolated. The thermal gradient method overcomes these problems, is simple and flexible, and can be adapted for a wide range of sample types (not confined to soil). Such apparatus may prove useful in the optimization of management practices to mitigate the effects of climate change, as thermal responses will differ depending on land use and soil type.     

加热光纤法同步测定土壤水热参数误差分析

土壤水热参数是研究土壤水热传输的基本物理参数。当前热脉冲探针法（HPP）可同步测定土壤水热参数,但该方法仅限于在点尺度下测定。与其具有相同理论基础的加热光纤法（SPHP-DTS）,可将测定尺度增大至田间千米尺度,但其测定精度尚未得到有效验证。为了探知SPHP-DTS法的误差,本研究进行了SPHP-DTS法与HPP法测定土壤水热参数的对比试验。结果表明,以HPP为标准,加热光纤法测定热导率的精度RMSE为0.13 W?m-1?℃-1。SPHP-DTS法测定的热导率显著高于HPP法,主要原因在于加热光纤时产生的温度效应。通过热导率法测定土壤含水率时,在热导率测定误差的影响下,SPHP-DTS法的测定精度明显低于HPP法。SPHP-DTS法测定土壤水热参数的其他误差来源包括光纤与土壤之间多个界面的接触热阻、光纤的温度敏感性、噪音干扰以及温度梯度驱动下的水分迁移。本研究可为SPHP-DTS法提升土壤水热参数测定精度提供理论参考。     

A perspective on the measurement of time in plant disease epidemiology

The growth and development of plant pathogens and their hosts generally respond strongly to the temperature of their environment. However, most studies of plant pathology record pathogen/host measurements against physical time (e.g. hours or days) rather than thermal time (e.g. degree-days or degree-hours). This confounds the comparison of epidemiological measurements across experiments and limits the value of the scientific literature.     

罗宾根螨发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

在恒温条件下,对罗宾根螨(Rhizoglyphus robini Clapareda)卵、幼螨、若螨历期以及成螨产卵前期、世代发育历期进行测定,用直线回归法对罗宾根螨各螨态和1个世代的发育起点温度和有效积温进行计算,并根据有效积温法则对该螨在云南各地的年发生代数进行预测.结果表明:该螨全世代的发育起点温度为10.01℃,有效积温为171.72℃·d;该螨年发生代数在昆明为11代、陆良为12代、富民为14代.     

Preparation and Characterization of Tilapia Collagen-Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composite Nanofiber Membranes

Marine collagen is an ideal material for tissue engineering due to its excellent biological properties. However, the limited mechanical properties and poor stability of marine collagen limit its application in tissue engineering. Here, collagen was extracted from the skin of tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). Collagen-thermoplastic polyurethane (Col-TPU) fibrous membranes were prepared using tilapia collagen as a foundational material, and their physicochemical and biocompatibility were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that thermoplastic polyurethane was successfully combined with collagen, and the triple helix structure of collagen was retained. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results showed relatively good compatibility between collagen and TPU.SEM results showed that the average diameter of the composite nanofiber membrane decreased with increasing thermoplastic polyurethane proportion. The mechanical evaluation and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability and tensile properties of Col-TPU fibrous membranes were significantly improved with increasing TPU. Cytotoxicity experiments confirmed that fibrous membranes with different ratios of thermoplastic polyurethane content showed no significant toxicity to fibroblasts; Col-TPU fibrous membranes were conducive to the migration and adhesion of cells. Thus, these Col-TPU composite nanofiber membranes might be used as a potential biomaterial in tissue regeneration.     

车用生物燃气工程范例余热定量评估及可利用性分析

针对车用生物燃气工程能耗高、余热利用率低的问题,该文以国内4个典型工程为基础,构建了产气规模为1万m3/d的示例工程,并对其进行余热分析。分析结果显示,此类工程用能量大,占总产能的30.01%～36.44%;余热利用率低,只有部分贫液余热得以回收;系统余热主要由脱碳塔顶气余热、脱碳贫液余热、压缩机余热、沼液余热和锅炉尾气余热5部分组成,其多为低品位余热、量大稳定。余热计算表明,在最冷月和最热月系统余热潜力分别为5.87×104、4.79×104 MJ/d,最大节能潜力分别为74.81%和73.92%,节能潜力降序排列为沼液余热>贫液余热>塔顶气余热>压缩机余热>锅炉余热。余热可利用性分析认为工程余热可利用性较高,回收价值较大。     

基于无人机遥感的夏玉米水分胁迫指数改进方法

冠层温度（canopy temperature,Tc）是作物水分胁迫计算的基础。准确地剔除热红外图像中的土壤背景,可以提高作物水分的监测精度。该研究以4种水分处理的拔节期夏玉米为研究对象,借助无人机可见光和热红外图像,采用红绿比值指数（red-green ratio index,RGRI）法提取研究区域的面状玉米冠层温度的空间分布信息,并分析每幅热红外图像上冠层温度的累积频率。该并提出了两种改进作物水分胁迫指数（crop water stress index,CWSI）性能的方法,一是使用基于正态分布的不同统计分位数分割冠层温度,并基于不同统计分位数上的平均冠层温度计算CWSI（记为CWSITcF%）。二是基于冠层温度方差（canopy temperature variance,Var）,将玉米冠层数据分为4个区间：区间Ⅰ,Tc≤40,Var≤10;区间Ⅱ,Tc≤40,10< Var≤20;区间Ⅲ,35< Tc<45,Var>20;区间Ⅳ,40< Tc<50,0< Var≤20,并在各自区间上选择最敏感的统计分位数计算CWSI（记为CWSIn）。研究结果表明：1）利用2020年和2021年两年数据计算的CWSIn与作物生理指标（气孔导度Gs、净光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr）间的决定系数R2分别为0.72、0.52、0.62 ,nRMSE分别为23.96%、24.06%、25.60%,模型拟合精度高于原始CWSI（R2分别为0.73、0.34、0.46,nRMSE分别为23.69%、28.27%、30.21%）,但与CWSITcF%差别不大（R2分别为0.74、0.54、0.61,nRMSE分别为22.87%、23.74%、25.61%）;2）虽然CWSITcF%能提高诊断作物水分胁迫的精度,但最敏感的冠层温度区间在年际间相差较大（2020,61.17%;2021,49.38%;两年数据,83.51%）,而CWSIn稳定性更高（与生理指标间的nRMSE分别为：2020年16.60%、27.37%、28.49%;2021年21.60%、18.95%、22.64%）。因此,综合来看 CWSIn可以更加精确地监测作物水分胁迫,利用该改进方法可为无人机遥感精准监测作物水分胁迫状况提供参考。     

喀纳斯自然保护区2树种树干液流变化特征及其与气象因子的关系

采用热扩散式探针法 (TDP) 对西伯利亚落叶松、疣枝桦的阳生面和阴生面树干液流进行测定,结合自动气象站同步监测光合有效辐射 (PAR)、空气温度 (T)、空气湿度 (RH)、饱和水汽压、风速等气象因子,分析气象因子与2树种树干液流的相关关系。结果表明：西伯利亚落叶松和疣枝桦阳生面、阴生面树干液流日变化均呈明显的 “昼高夜低” 的典型单峰曲线型变化,且阳生面高于阴生面,树干液流变化幅度西伯利亚落叶松大于疣枝桦。在生长季节,西伯利亚落叶松阳生面、阴生面树干液流月平均值均呈递减趋势,其液流平均最大值出现在6月,平均最小值出现在9月。疣枝桦阳生面树干液流月平均值呈先增后减的趋势,最大值出现在8月,最小值出现在6月;阴生面树干液流呈递增趋势,最大值出现在9月,最小值出现在6月。相关分析表明,气象因子与2树种树干液流相关性大小依次为：气温 > 光合有效辐射 > 空气相对湿度 > 风速 > 水汽压,气温和光有效辐射是影响液流速率的主要因子。     

热辐射下汽车温度分布及隔热分析

为研究热辐射下汽车内部温度场分布及不同隔热措施下汽车温度上升状况,在COMSOL中运用表面辐射传热模块对汽车温度场进行仿真.首先在SolidWorks中建立普通小型汽车的三维模型,然后导入COMSOL并定义汽车不同部位材料属性,最后通过加载外部热辐射、表面漫反射等参数仿真了暴露在阳光下和停靠在阴影下两种状况汽车温度上升...