农业院校图书馆网站建设的探讨

对我国25所农业高校图书馆网站的主页元素、内容元素和编程技术等进行比较,分析了存在的缺陷和问题。针对农业高校图书馆网站建设的原则和内容,提出了网站建设的目标定位等原则,建议优化主页设计、丰富信息资源、规范学科导航、提升服务功能、适度设置链接、适时维护更新和应用现代技术手段,并对主页与标识、栏目与层次等提出了具体的建议。     

Biochar derived from dairy cattle carcasses as an alternative source of phosphorus and amendment for soil acidity

Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate biochar derived from dead dairy cattle as a mineral fertilizer, especially phosphorus (P) fertilizer, and to clarify the effect of particle size of biochar on plant growth (Zea mays L.) and P uptake. To produce the biochar, body parts of dead cattle were placed in a charring chamber and allowed to char at 450°C for 4 h. The biochar was of high pH and rich in major plant nutrients, especially P. Application of fine biochar (< 1 mm) increased P uptake by the corn plants grown in soil of low available P status. As a result, plant growth was improved following biochar application and dry matter production was also increased. The effect of the biochar application on the P uptake and plant growth was promoted by the application of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Soil analysis after harvest indicated that the biochar application increased soil pH, available P and exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compared with the soil before seeding, while soil available N and exchangeable potassium (K) were considerably decreased. The decrease in the soil available N was incomprehensible, because the result of the mass balance given by the difference between input as the applied N from the biochar and fertilizer N and output as the N uptake by the plants was positive. We observed a similar result in the mass balance of K to the case of N. The medium (2–4 mm) and coarse (> 4 mm) grade biochar did not significantly affect plant growth, because P uptake was not, or was only slightly, increased by the application of these biochars. Dissolution of P from the coarser biochars was probably slower than that of the fine biochar. The lower dissolution of P from the medium and coarse biochars was supported by the lower P absorption efficiency of these biochars compared with that of the fine biochar and superphosphate. The effect of fine biochar on plant growth and P uptake was similar to that of superphosphate. We can therefore conclude that fine biochar derived from cattle carcasses is an effective source of P fertilizer and amendment for soil acidity. The N and K contents in the biochar, although relatively high, cannot be relied upon as a mineral fertilizer. Further studies are needed to assess whether the N and K contents of the biochar indicate it can be regarded as a useful fertilizer.     

河西内陆区水安全及保障体系

通过对水安全概念的描述,分析了河西内陆区水资源的利用及其安全现状,同时针对河西内陆区的具体概况,提出了内陆区水资源安全的区域经济发展模式、生态环境建设模式、水安全的水资源利用措施和水安全保障措施。     

江苏沿海耕地资源量空间分布态势评价

首先采用农用地分等中自然质量分值的计算方法对江苏沿海耕地自然质量进行测算,然后在此基础上结合各乡镇耕地面积和人口数量计算人均耕地量,对江苏沿海地区耕地资源量的空间分布态势进行评价。结果表明:研究区北部、中西部和南部除少数地区外耕地质量总体较好,中东部耕地质量较差;耕地质量优良的地区人均耕地量水平较低,耕地质量较差的地区人均耕地量水平反而较高。根据评价结果,从提高土地整体利用效率、合理占用耕地、合理开发土地后备资源、污染排放源头控制与生产过程中治理相结合等几个方面提出了沿海地区耕地资源可持续利用的有效途径。     

吉林省雨水资源化利用探讨

从吉林省水资源特点分析入手,提出了雨水资源的有效集蓄利用是补充流域水资源总量不足的重要因素,探讨了在吉林省雨水资源主要利用途径是首先在小流域规划中作好雨水资源利用规划;其次是建设以水土保持治沟骨干工程为主的沟道坝系,强化坡面集雨工程和林草植被建设,增大贮水空间;第三是充分利用田间工程和水利工程集雨蓄水,使降雨就地就近被拦蓄,最终使水环境得以修复。     

基于氮平衡的种养结合沼液资源化利用研究

研究沼液经济性消纳对提高沼液资源利用率、维持沼气工程稳定运行、缓解养殖带来的环境压力、提升农业废弃物资源化利用效率和经济效益,推动种养循环一体化发展具有重要意义。为此,结合农业废弃物资源化利用方式,基于盈亏平衡分析和秸秆资源化利用模型,以沼液经济性消纳半径为核心,探究了沼气工程投资金额和处理规模之间的关系,提出了沼液经济性消纳模型。研究结果表明:沼气工程投资金额与处理规模之间关系性较强(R 2=0.9842);沼液经济性消纳半径R bsa选取的主要影响因素是运输费用和沼液中N含量,不同消纳区域农业生产系数的差异性也会对经济性消纳半径的评估产生影响。利用模型对江西新余南英垦殖场规模化沼气发电工程(SBPGP)沼液经济性消纳半径进行估算,在保证氮平衡基础下,其沼液最小消纳范围在31.94 km 2左右。沼液经济性消纳模型的构建,为以沼气工程为纽带的种养一体化循环模式提供了技术参考,从经济性视角为循环农业发展提供了理论依据,从而实现经济效益与环境效益协调发展的目标。     

先进设计技术在农业装备研究中的应用分析

现代装备企业及其产品的竞争力在很大程度上取决于能否以最快的速度向市场提供满足需求的产品,即是否有先进的设计方法支持科学、高效的研发过程。针对中国农业装备研发整体水平低,以及由于种类繁多和地域差异显著所导致的专业知识、结构形式、实践经验等庞杂,个体设计人员难以全面掌握,无法保证研发质量,严重制约产业发展及自主创新能力的问题,阐述并全面梳理了设计方法的发展历程,从而探讨适合农业装备的先进设计方法与发展方向,以支撑《中国制造2025》等国家重大发展规划对农业装备设定的战略目标的实现。研究表明,结合当前科技水平与社会背景,充分利用3D-CAD虚拟现实的优势与计算机技术的发展成果,基于数字技术的智能化设计是必然趋势,代表了先进设计的发展方向与最高水平。智能化设计以知识重用为特征,以数字模型资源化为基础,以产品数据管理(PDM)平台和产品生命周期管理(PLM)平台为载体,以广义的计算机辅助设计概念组织并贯通与设计相关的上下游方案论证、数字样机(DMU)、工程分析(CAE)、工艺流程(CAPP)等研发环节,实现各类计算机辅助技术CAX的高度集成,是人工智能(AI)在设计领域的实践运用。明确了当前先进设计的发展思路,为装备智能化设计系统的建立提供了基础理论与体系架构,对充分整合行业资源、共享成果与专业知识、提高研发效率和水平、提升中国农业装备企业及其产品的核心竞争力具有理论价值与实践指导意义。     

自然冷资源低温储藏仓设计与稻谷储藏试验

为解决稻谷在高温干燥和储藏过程中品质损失问题,设计了自然冷资源低温储藏仓,利用冬季环境下形成的自然冰为高含水率稻谷制冷,以减少高温干燥稻谷工序并减少储藏期间稻谷的品质劣变。试验检测自然冷资源低温储藏仓内稻谷的储藏品质与加工品的变化,并与传统常温仓做对比,结果表明:所设计的自然冷资源低温储藏仓供冷均匀、能耗低、无污染,其制冷系统的能效比为3.54;初始含水率为16.5%的高含水率稻谷在自然冷资源低温储藏仓中能安全储藏5个月,平均含水率呈缓慢下降趋势,最终达到(15.1±0.5)%;自然冷资源低温储藏仓中稻谷粮温稳定,平均粮温为9.8℃;储藏期结束后,稻谷脂肪酸质量比为18.3 mg/(100 g),发芽率为86.75%,霉菌总数为5.1×104CFU/g,自然冷资源低温储藏仓中稻谷的出糙率和整精米率比常温储藏的稻谷分别提高了5.41个百分点和9.57个百分点,裂纹率比常温仓的稻谷降低了13.88个百分点,自然冷资源低温储藏仓中稻谷的储藏品质和加工品质显著优于常温仓中稻谷。     

长江中游不同玉稻种植模式产量及资源利用效率的比较研究

发展长江中游玉米生产是解决本区域玉米产需矛盾的根本途径。近年来随着长江中游玉米的快速发展,该地区出现了春玉米–晚稻、双季玉米和早稻–秋玉米等新型的一年两熟制种植模式,为探明其适应性和实用性,2013—2014年在湖北省武穴市设置了传统种植的双季稻(对照)、春玉米–晚稻、双季玉米和早稻–秋玉米共4种两熟制种植模式,分析比较其周年产量及光、温、水资源利用效率和经济效益。结果表明,春玉米–晚稻和双季玉米周年产量显著高于早稻–秋玉米和双季稻。与双季稻相比,春玉米–晚稻周年产量、光能生产效率、光能利用率、积温生产效率、水分利用率及经济效益分别提高18.3%、14.1%、23.4%、16.4%、37.2%和44.3%,双季玉米分别提高了13.5%、8.1%、26.1%、11.4%、88.8%和37.8%。春玉米其产量、积温生产效率、水分利用率及经济效益两年平均比早稻分别高出30.6%、29.5%、57.2%和96.1%,而秋玉米和晚稻之间产量无显著差异。不同玉稻模式周年产量差异主要源于第一季春玉米和早稻产量的差异。可见,春玉米–晚稻和双季玉米是适宜在长江中游推广的两熟制种植模式。     

Genetic diversity in Cynara cardunculus revealed by AFLP markers: comparison between cultivars and wild types from Sicily*

Genetic diversity in 49 plants of 16 accessions representing one wild and two cultivated taxa of Cynara cardunculus L. (wild cardoon, cultivated cardoon and globe artichoke) was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) analysis. Four pairs of primers identified a total of 264 scorable loci, 196 of which were polymorphic. The number of markers scored per primer combination ranged from 41 to 107, with an average of 66 markers per primer combination. All the primer combinations detected polymorphism. The data were used for cluster analysis and AMOVA. The clusters obtained are in agreement with the current botanical classification and the differences among the taxa were substantial. The eco‐geographical groups within wild cardoon are clearly separated in relative subclusters, and reflect the geography of the collection areas. The six clones of the four cultivated artichoke varieties were clearly separated into four subclusters, corresponding to the current classification which is based on morphological traits. The results obtained may have a direct and important bearing on plant genetic resource conservation and management and on breeding.