Effect of l‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate supplementation on growth performance,body composition,antioxidative capacity and salinity stress tolerance of juvenile Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of ascorbic acid (AsA), in the form of l ‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate (LAPP) on growth performance, body composition, antioxidative capacity and salinity stress tolerance of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Five practical diets (46% crude protein and 7.6% lipid) supplemented with graded levels of AsA (14.64, 48.55, 84.98, 308.36 and 639.27 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to five replicate groups of L. vannamei (mean initial wet weight 0.57 g). No significant differences were found on growth performance among all treatments. However, whole body lipid content significantly decreased with dietary AsA levels increasing. Activities of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly affected by dietary AsA levels. Shrimp fed LAPP‐free diet had higher malondialdehyde content than those fed the diets supplemented with LAPP. Dietary AsA levels higher than 308.36 mg kg^?1 diet increased the survival of shrimps after 1, 2 and 3 h of acute salinity change. Broken‐line regression analysis on survival after 3 h of salinity stress and second‐degree polynomial regression analysis on glutathione reductase data indicated that the optimal dietary AsA requirement of L. vannamei was estimated to be 306.39, 319.75 mg kg^?1 diet respectively.     

中国对虾亲虾的能量代谢研究

本试验测定了中国对虾亲虾在禁食和静息状态下的耗氧率、二氧化碳排出率和氨氮排泄率,研究了它们的呼吸商、氧氮比、能源的化学本质及其消耗量之比。结果表明,体重为85.1±14.8克的亲虾,在水温19～22℃时的耗氧率为0.25±0.08毫克/克·小时,二氧化碳排出率为0.28±0.09毫克/克·小时,氨氮排泄率为8.86±3.53微克/克·小时;亲虾以蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的混台物为能源,其中以蛋白质为主,脂肪次之,碳水化合物的利用最少;亲虾的耗氧率(Y)与体重(W)呈负相关,Y=1.89W~(-1.3),而与性腺发育的影响则相反,性腺发育好的亲虾代谢率高,性腺发育差的亲虾代谢率低。     

Characterization of Ca-ATPase activity in gill microsomes of freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck) and heavy metal modulations

Freshwater mussel Lamellidens marginalis showed a Ca²⁺-stimulated ATPase activity in the microsomal fraction of gill. Mg²⁺ was also found to be an activating cation for this ATPase enzyme. Ca²⁺ ATPase showed maximal activity at 40 °C and between pH 7.5–8.0. Substrate specificity of Ca²⁺ ATPase was highest with ATP, followed by GTP and other trinucleotides such as UTP, CTP and ADP also showed some amount of hydrolysis. Ca²⁺ ATPase showed slight inhibition with ruthenium red and sodium vanadate and is insensitive to sodium azide, ouabain, oligomycin B and phenylalanine. Heavy metals like Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ showed 50% inhibition of Ca²⁺ ATPase activity at concentrations of 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM and 1 mM, respectively whereas Cd²⁺ and Ni²⁺ showed 39% and 28% inhibition of enzyme activity at 1 mM concentrations.     

Gel Properties of Surimi from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix): Effects of Whey Protein Concentrate,CaCl2, and Setting Condition

The effects of setting time, whey protein concentrate (WPC), and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) on textural properties of silver carp surimi were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate and compare the effects of setting time (30–90 min), WPC (1–9% of protein ratio), and CaCl₂ (1–59 mmol/kg) on the gel strength. Models for breaking force, breaking distance, and gel strength of surimi gel were established. The maximum gel strength was achieved at the setting time of 60 min, WPC and CaCl₂ at 5% protein ratio, and 15–18 mmol/kg. CaCl₂ was the most significant factor affecting the gel strength.     

Cu^2＋对四尾栅藻和水华微囊藻增殖的影响

本实验研究了不同铜离子浓度对鳗鱼土池中两种优势浮游藻类生长的影响。结果表明：当Cu^2＋质量浓度为80μg/L~640μg/L时,能促进四尾栅藻的生长,其中160μg/L组的四尾栅藻比增长率达到最大值1.599,当Cu^2＋质量浓度为1280μg/L~2560μg/L时对四尾栅藻细胞的增殖起到明显的抑制作用。而水华微囊藻对铜离子更加敏感,Cu^2＋质量浓度在40μg/L~640μg/L范围内,对水华微囊藻均产生不同程度的抑制作用,其中以640μg/L抑制最为明显,其比增长率为最小值-1.425。     

水温对怀头鲇血液学指标的影响

本实验设定4℃、9℃、14℃、18℃、24℃和30℃6个水温梯度,测定了水温变化对二龄怀头鲇血液生理生化指标的影响。结果显示,水温4～30℃范围内,怀头鲇血红蛋白含量随着水温的升高呈波浪型变化,但变化幅度较小;而血沉与血红蛋白含量变化趋势相反,变化幅度较大;血液中的红细胞数量随水温的升高先增加再减少;血清中的总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白的变化趋势一致,都是随水温的升高其含量先增加再减少,而且在9～18℃区间变化较急剧;血清中的血糖,高密度脂蛋白,谷草转氨酶,三碘甲状腺氨酸,甲状腺素,促甲状腺激素,钾和镁八项指标在各水温之间不存在显著差异（P〉0．05）;血清中的尿素氮,甘油三脂,总胆固醇,低密度脂蛋白,谷丙转氨酶,碱性磷酸酶,钠,钙,氯化物和渗透压在部分水温之间存在显著差异（P〈0．05）。     

植物生长调节剂2，4-D 对两种绿藻生长的影响

测定了植物生长调节剂2，4-D(2，4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)在不同浓度作用下对两种绿藻 --蛋白核小球藻和斜生栅藻增殖和叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明，0． 25 mg/L 和0． 50 mg/L 的2，4-D 分别是 促进小球藻和栅藻生长的最佳浓度；在0． 50 mg/L 的2，4-D 作用下小球藻和栅藻的叶绿素含量最高。高浓度 的2，4-D(＞4． 0 mg/L)对两种藻类的生长有毒性作用。     

Phenotypical parameters as a tool to evaluate the immunostimulatory effects of laminarin in Oncorhynchus mykiss

Laminarin is a β‐glucan from the brown algae Laminaria digitata (J.V. Lamour), which can activate innate immune responses. With the aim of developing a strategy to evaluate specific phenotypical parameters of the effects of laminarin in trout innate immunity, we (i) fed fish with laminarin‐supplemented diet (0.2 g kg^?1 day^?1) for 21 days and (ii) treated fish with a single dose of intraperitoneal injected laminarin (0.08 g kg^?1 fish). The evaluation of cellular and humoral immune parameters was established at phenotypic level by the phagocytic activity of headkidney macrophages and detection of inflammatory cytokines in head kidney and gill tissue by indirect ELISA. Results showed that both delivery methods of laminarin produce an increase in the phagocytic activity in head kidney macrophages and a significant increase in the production of TNFα and IL‐8 in gill tissue at day 21. Additionally, some of these parameters were significantly correlated (P < 0.025), which places them as new potential combined markers to detect activation of trout defense mechanisms by laminarin. These results highlight the importance of developing new protocols to quantitate immune parameters, in order to evaluate immunostimulants in fish farming.     

Cu2+对牙鲆肌肉抗氧化防御系统的影响

将牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)置于不同浓度的Cu2+溶液中10d,测定其肌肉中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。结果表明:随着Cu2+浓度的增高,CAT、SOD、GSH-PX的活性均表现为低浓度诱导,高浓度抑制;当处于低浓度Cu2+溶液中时,牙鲆肌肉中的SOD较CAT和GSH-PX敏感,因此其可作为水生生态系统中Cu2+低浓度暴露的一种生物检测指标。     

胺鲜酯与氯化钙配施对烤烟育苗的影响

以云烟87为材料,研究8%胺鲜酯(DA–6)(质量浓度15.0、10.0、5.0μg/L)与10.0 mmol/L氯化钙配施对烤烟育苗的影响。结果表明：与清水对照相比,播种7d和15d后配施处理的烤烟出苗率分别提高4.50%～10.40%、2.74%～8.33%,成苗率提高3.19%～8.81%;成苗期的苗高、茎基宽、最大叶叶面积分别提高了5.99%～17.66%、1.29%～5.47%、21.1%～73.6%;根、茎、叶、全苗干物质积累量分别提高了25.0%～55.0%、16.7%～33.3%、14.1%～33.8%、16.5%～36.9%,根冠比提高了9.1%～17.0%;配施处理的叶片叶绿素(叶绿素a+叶绿素b)含量增加26.0%～64.9%;配施处理硝酸还原酶活性提高了52.1%～95.9%;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量分别降低了41.5%～59.3%、27.9%～62.9%、30.3%～81.1%和34.0%～63.7%,表明用10μg/L DA–6+10 mmol/L氯化钙配施浸种效果最佳。