锡林郭勒草原植被覆盖度时空动态与影响因素分析

以MODIS地表辐射率数据对内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒草地进行研究,分析了2001—2013年生长季(4—10月份)草甸草原、典型草原、沙地草原和荒漠草原4种草地类型植被覆盖度(fv)的时空变化特征,用变异系数(C_v)衡量各类草原f_v的变化程度,并结合气象和放牧数据分析气候变化和人类活动(放牧)对草地f_v的影响。结果表明,在不同年份各类型草原f_v均表现为由东向西递减的规律,同类型草原年际间fv呈不显著波动变化。研究区多年f_v的Cv结果表明有78.66%地区属脆弱和很脆弱水平,其中典型草原和沙地草原属脆弱级别,而荒漠草原属很脆弱级别,只有草甸草原属稳定级别。降水量对f_v的影响较大,呈显著正相关关系;而温度对fv的影响较小,呈不显著负相关关系;牲畜养殖数量对f_v影响较大,锡林郭勒盟草原的适宜综合牲畜养殖数量为39只/km~2(以标准羊计)。     

塔里木河下游生态输水对植物群落数量特征的影响

结合2002-2004年对塔里木河下游生态输水过程中5个断面固定植物群落样地的调查,运用群落数量分析法,分析了塔里木河下游植物群落对生态输水的响应.结果表明:在生态输水过程中,植被覆盖度普遍增加,草本植物覆盖度的增长率高于乔木和灌木;各断面乔木和草本植物的综合优势比普遍增加,但优势种的优势地位并没有改变,群落的类型没有变化;在整个研究区,物种的丰富度与均匀度仍很低.为提高输水生态效应,提出河道输水与面上供水相结合的输水方法和建立人工植被等建议.     

Vegetation fractional coverage change in a typical oasis region in Tarim River Watershed based on remote sensing

Vegetation fractional coverage(VFC) is an important index to describe and evaluate the ecological system.The vegetation index is widely used to monitor vegetation coverage in the field of remote sensing(RS).In this paper,the author conducted a case study of the delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers,which is a typical saline area in the Tarim River Watershed.The current study was based on the TM/ETM+ images of 1989,2001,and 2006,and supported by Geographic Information System(GIS) spatial analysis,vegetation index,and dimidiate pixel model.In addition,VBSI(vegetation,bare soil and shadow indices) suitable for TM/ETM+ images,constructed with FCD(forest canopy density) model principle and put forward by ITTO(International Tropical Timber Organization),was used,and it was applied to estimate the VFC.The estimation accuracy was later proven to be up to 83.52%.Further,the study analyzed and appraised the changes in vegetation patterns and revealed a pattern of spatial change in the vegetation coverage of the study area by producing the map of VFC levels in the delta oasis.Forest,grassland,and farmland were the three main land-use types with high and extremely-high coverage,and they played an important role in maintaining the vegetation.The forest area determined the changes of the coverage area,whereas the other two land types affected the directions of change.Therefore,planting trees,protecting grasslands,reclaiming farmlands,and controlling unused lands should be included in a long-term program because of their importance in keeping regional vegetation coverage.Finally,the dynamic variation of VFC in the study area was evaluated according to the quantity and spatial distribution rendered by plant cover digital images to deeply analyze the reason behind the variation.     

西北干旱区生态环境建设支撑体系的构建

西北干旱区的自然环境脆弱性叠加不合理的水土资源开发等人类活动干扰是导致区域生态环境日趋恶化的根本原因,已严重制约社会经济的可持续发展。针对当前生态环境建设实际,提出应在实现水资源可持续利用、建立完善的管理体制及法律体系、调整产业结构、积极推进城镇化进程、大力发展科技教育等方面采取有力措施。以此为重要支撑,恢复与重建受损生态系统,改善区域生态环境,实现环境与经济社会协调发展。     

额济纳绿洲植被生态需水量空间分布

生态环境需水量是当前水资源管理等学科研究的重点和难点。以额济纳绿洲为例,采用GIS技术进行生态分区的基础上采用阿维里扬诺夫方法估算绿洲植被生态需水。结果表明:现状2009年绿洲植被最低生态需水总量为4.72262×108m3。从地区分布看,东河上段、东河中段、东河下段、西河、两湖区和中戈壁的植被生态需水分别占绿洲植被总需水量的8.8%、2.8%、34.3%、46.3%、6.8%、1.0%。要将植被恢复到20世纪80年代的规模,绿洲植被最低生态需水总量为7.12841×108m3。从地区分布看,东河上段、东河中段、东河下段、西河、两湖区和中戈壁的植被需水占绿洲植被总需水量的12.7%、4.5%、30.6%、39.6%、10.6%、2.0%。在现状流域水量分配方案下,平水年和枯水年都存在不同程度的缺水量。以上研究成果可为目前实施的生态水量调度提供技术支撑和参考。     

青海气候变化趋势及对植被生产力影响的研究

应用青海省南部三江源区、东北祁连山地及环青海湖区气象站1961-2004年气温、降水和所在地区植被地上净初级生产力资料,分析和模拟了44年来有关气候变化特征以及植被生产力与气温、降水、地理坐标参数间的关系,模拟估算了假设未来气候温暖化情景下青海植被生产力变化的可能。结果表明:44年来青海各地气温均在升高,青海北部比南部增温明显;年降水量变化平稳,但北部比南部有所增加;土壤实际蒸发散表现出明显的升高趋势;青海南部植被地上净初级生产力(NPP)逐年降低,青海东北地区相对平稳。模拟计算表明,由于青藏高原植被的生长主要受温度条件的限制,在未来气候增暖,降水不变或增加的趋势下,植被地上NPP均有所增加。     

Maternal salinity environment affects salt tolerance during germination in Anabasis setifera: A facultative desert halophyte

The effects of maternal salinity and light incubation on the salinity tolerance of the facultative halophyte Anabasis setifera during their germination stages were assessed. Seeds were collected from non-saline habitats in Egypt and saline habitats in the United Arab Emirates(UAE). The seeds of the two populations were germinated in 0, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 m M Na Cl, and incubated at 25°C/15°C in both 12-h light and 12-h darkness regimes and continuous darkness. Significantly more seeds germinated in the Egyptian population than in the UAE population. Salinity tolerance was significantly greater with the Egyptian population than with the UAE population, especially under the conditions of higher salinities. The difference in salinity tolerance between the seeds of two populations was attributed to their seed mass. In addition, germination was significantly faster for the Egyptian population than for the UAE population. Most of the saline treated seeds were able to recover their germination when transferred to distilled water, but this depended on their maternal salinity and light incubation. Recovery from higher salinities was significantly better for the seeds under darkness than for those under light in the UAE population, but the reverse was true for the seeds in the Egyptian population. The higher salinity tolerance for the A. setifera seeds from the non-saline Egyptian population and the lower salinity tolerance for the seeds from the saline UAE population cannot explain their natural distribution. Further studies about other possible roles, such as levels of different promoting and inhibiting phytohormones, are needed to understand the importance of salinity as an environmentally induced maternal effect.     

基于MODIS的沙漠化地区植被覆盖度提取模型的研究

目前常用的植被覆盖度遥感反演模型,受限条件较多,所用系数精度不高。针对上述问题,提出了利用研究区域的实测最大和最小植被覆盖度确定反演模型系数的方法和基于MODIS影像数据的地面实测验证方法。经用该方法对毛乌素沙地沙漠化地区的植被覆盖度进行反演,并同步监测该区域的地表覆盖度对反演结果进行验证,结果表明地面同步实测植被覆盖度与反演的误差绝对值平均值为0.04,反演方法精度较高。研究表明本文提出的利用MODIS影像数据反演沙漠化地区地表覆盖度的模型、地面验证方法切实可行,适合对沙漠化地区地表植被覆盖度大范围且快速的遥感监测。     

渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲植物气候生产力变化特征分析

收集位于渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲区的库车气象站和沙雅气象站1961～2000年的气温和降水实测资料,应用Thamthwaite Memorial模型计算渭于河一库车河三角洲绿洲区近40 a来自然植被净第一性气候生产力,并以回归分析和趋势线分析方法分析了其年际变化特征.结果表明:①近40 a来渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲区自然植被净第一性气候生产力呈现出明显的增长趋势,其变化倾向率为28.21 g/(m2·10a),在40 a中增加约为112.84 g/m2,近40 a来研究区自然植被净第一性气候生产力的变化趋势为自北向南显著增加.②由于研究区水热条件的不同,自然植被净第一性气候生产力有明显的区域差异,整个研究区近40 a的自然植被净第一性气候生产力平均值为123.35 g/(m2·a),北部库车县137.10 g/(m2·a),南部沙雅县110.16 g/(m2·a),即自然植被净第一性气候生产力的空间分布是北高南低.③研究区自然植被净第一性气候生产力与年降水量的相关性优于自然植被净第一性气候生产力与年均气温之闻的相关性,因为渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲是个干旱区绿洲,气候干燥,水资源短缺,降水是自然植被净第一性气候生产力的主要限制因子.     

TM影像VI提取植被信息技术研究

应用规一化植被指数（ＮＤＶＩ）、土壤调节植被指数（ＳＡＶＩ）和修正后的土壤调节植被指数（ＭＳＡＶＩ）,研究了ＴＭ影像植被信息的提取技术。结果表明,ＳＡＶＩ较之ＮＤＶＩ和ＭＳＡＶＩ,消除土壤背景影响和适应植被密度变化的能力更强,是植被信息提取效果较好的植被指数。使用ＳＡＶＩ,关键是要确定一个合适的土壤调节参数Ｌ,以最大限度地消除土壤背景的影响,ＳＡＶＩ提出时推荐的最佳Ｌ值（０．５）应用于卫片处理有很大局限性;基于研究结果,本文给出了适于不同植被条件卫片处理的最佳Ｌ取值。