Effect of Reinforced-Concrete Deterioration on Structures

s:It is proposed that the research of the structural durability is necessary considering the structural damages under the effect of deterioration of reinforced concrete. The most common reasons, which cause the deterioration of structures in China, are reinforcement corrosion and freeze thaw cycles of concrete. Based on the summarizing of research works of the effect of reinforced concrete deterioration on structures, it is indicated that the structural durability research should be carried out either in view of material science or that of structural science, and should be also considered the interaction of several factors with uncertain nature instead of the determined individual factor analysis. The structural durability of serviceable should be paid much more attention while researching the durability of structural capacity. The effect of reinforced concrete deterioration on structural capacity, rigidity and durability should be researched henceforth.     

Parallel Algorithm of Structural Optimization Based on Space time Transform

In this paper an attempt has been practised to introduce parallel techniques into the structural optimization.Based on space time transform five approaches for parallel computation of structural optimization have been presented.This paper has also pointed out the problems originated from large scale systems of structural optimization (LSSO) and put forward the technical line of design of LSSO.     

长江上游人工林与天然林土壤结构质量及保水抗蚀性研究

对长江上游人工林与天然林下代表性剖面的土壤结构分析看出,人工林较天然林土壤的结构状况要差。选择12项指标对不同林地土壤结构质量进行评价,结果表明人工林土壤结构质量远不如天然林土壤。测定和计算人工林、天然林土壤的持水量和侵蚀率,也看出前者比后者的保水抗蚀性差。其原因主要与林下土壤结构质量有关。长江上游地区人工林分布面积大,现暴露出的很多问题,与其土壤结构质量低下有紧密的关系。建议加强林下土壤结构质量的保护和培育研究。     

农业建筑工程设施设计年限研究

农业建筑工程设施是现代化农业产业化发展的基础设施,确定农业建筑工程设施合理的设计年限,对指导农业设施的设计和建造,促进设施园艺和设施养殖规模化、标准化发展,创导节约型现代农业生产,具有十分重要的意义。该文从农业建筑的自然属性与社会属性出发,重点分析研究了影响建筑结构耐久性的各种损耗,提出了农业建筑设计年限的确定原则包括一次性原则、自然属性原则、功能性原则及经济性原则。最后给出按属性、功能和效益的设计年限计算方法、按单项工程确定及经济使用年限推测的三种确定方法。     

基于SBE法的北京市郊野公园绿地结构质量评价技术

以北京市已建的郊野公园为研究对象,共收集46张一般绿地景观照片、50张建筑与小品和道路等人造硬质景观周边绿地景观照片、54张滨水植物景观照片和相关资料,采用景观美景度评判法对郊野公园这3种绿地类型进行景观评判,并利用多元数量化模型Ⅰ构建相应的美景度模型,对绿地结构的质量进行评价。结果表明:影响一般绿地结构主要因素为绿视率、郁闭度、植物色彩数量、植物色彩对比度、生活型构成和植物野趣程度;影响人造硬质景观周边绿地结构的主要因素为相对枝下高、总体协调性、栽植方式、枝叶密度和建筑物风格;影响滨水植物景观结构的主要因素为植被空间占有率、总体协调性、栽植方式和层片结构。根据景观美景度模型所反映的群众喜欢度,对郊野公园上述3种绿地的结构调整提出如下经营建议:1)对于一般绿地,应充分利用野生花草和乡土灌木,构建以乔灌草为主的林分结构,以增大绿地的绿视率,促进植被向近自然方向发展;结合密度调整,对现有绿地进行局部物种组成调整,充分利用不同色系植物营造出具有一定变化和对比度的景观;建议将郁闭度控制在0.6～0.8;加大大径级林木的培育力度,营造疏密有致的林下游憩空间;2)对于建筑、小品和道路等人造硬质景观周边绿地,可通过合理的植...     

几种小红栲变性淀粉的结构特性

目前世界上变性淀粉的年产量已经达到500万t左右,如美国为200万t以上,欧洲为90万t,日本在30万t以上;而我国在2000年变性淀粉的产量为35万t,仅为世界产量的7%,根本无法满足国内109万t以上的市场需求而每年都要从国外进口     

Rheological‐stiffness analysis of K+‐treated and CaCO3‐rich soils

Rheological methods are applied whenever flow behavior of substances needs to be investigated on a particle‐to‐particle scale executed by a parallel‐plate rheometer. Under oscillation, mechanical effects due to trafficking or vibrations caused by agricultural and forest machinery can be simulated by conducting amplitude‐sweep tests. Hooke's law of elasticity, Newton's law for ideal fluids (viscosity), Mohr‐Coulomb's equation, and, finally, Bingham's yielding are well‐known relationships and parameters in the field of rheology. This paper aims to introduce rheometry as a suitable method to determine the mechanical behavior of salt‐affected soils when subjected to external stresses. Potassium‐treated loamy sand from Halle and loamy silt from Kassel, both sites located in Germany, as well as loess from Israel, saturated with NaCl solutions in several concentrations were analyzed. From the stress‐strain–relationship parameters like the storage modulus G′ and the loss modulus G″, yield stress τ_y and the linear viscoelastic (LVE)–deformation range including the deformation limit γ_L, i.e., the transition from an elastic to a viscous state, were determined and calculated, respectively. With respect to salt effects, amplitude‐sweep tests on originally CaCO₃‐rich Avdat Loess show an increasing stability if saturated with higher NaCl concentrations. Comparable tests with K⁺‐rich substrates from Halle and Kassel evinced similar tendencies including the phenomenon of a critical K⁺ content, which becomes more obvious in case of the drained (–60h Pa) loamy‐silt samples from Kassel. Nevertheless, a higher microstructural stability is given in both substrates from Halle and Kassel, affected by different water contents, in general, which influence the exchange and availability of cations. The results verify that oscillatory tests are applicable for retracing salt‐induced effects, beside those ones, which are influenced by texture, current water content, and/or further chemical parameters.     

Soil organic matter beyond molecular structure Part I: Macromolecular and supramolecular characteristics

This contribution reviews and discusses structural aspects of soil organic matter (SOM) and humic substances (HS) with special respect to the macromolecular and the supramolecular view. It can be concluded that (1) dissolved humic acids behave as supramolecular associations of relatively small molecules with an enormous flexibility of reaction of environmental conditions, (2) multivalent cations may increase the apparent molecular weight by the formation of coordinative crosslinks in dissolved and undissolved natural organic matter (NOM), (3) sorption nonlinearity in solid humic acids and SOM may be due to polymer properties of NOM, (4) sorbates affect sorbent characteristics of SOM, and (5) hysteresis and conditioning effects in SOM can up to now best be explained with the polymer analogy. A distinct polydispersivity of SOM over a wide range of molecular masses is to be assumed. The supramolecular and the macromolecular models were derived from humic acids with different composition and on the basis of different sample states. Although the supramolecular model has not explicitely been shown for unfractionated DOM, the combination of all discussed studies suggests supramolecular as well as macromolecular characteristics of NOM. Neither macromolecules nor small molecules can be fully excluded in solid and dissolved SOM. Microregions with different properties provide different types of sorption sites. SOM is suggested to be regarded as amorphous material. This point of view is not restricted to high molecular masses and may supplement our understanding of SOM by the model of physical aging.     

森林病害的环境影响分析

森林病害严重危害着森林资源和环境安全。采用系统工程的方法,应用解释结构模型分析了森林病害对林分、森林生态环境和人类社会环境等3个层面13个方面的环境影响。提出对策:一是以森林健康理念指导森林病害管理;二是严格检疫制度,加强动态监测;三是实施分类治理,分区施策,以减轻森林病害的环境影响。图2参15     

挖坑机钻头螺旋面强度分析及结构参数探讨

经对挖坑机螺旋钻头的有限元计算分析，得出螺旋面的位移数据、应力分布规律及钻头易损部位。通过变换钻头结构参数，经模拟对比试验，找到影响强度的主要因素及参数的合理取值。计算值与实际相吻合。计算模型与方法切实可行，为挖坑机钻头的优化设计奠定了基础。