14株苏云金芽孢杆菌伴胞晶体蛋白对猪蛔虫第3期幼虫的毒性比较

14株苏云金芽孢杆菌经培养提取伴胞晶体蛋白并测定其蛋白含量。感染性蛔虫卵经胃感染小鼠 ,3d后宰杀并从小鼠肝脏内分离蛔虫第 3期幼虫 (L 3)。设置空白对照 ,将不同剂量的 Bt伴胞晶体蛋白与 L 3置于培养孔在 37℃的二氧化碳培养箱中 (含 5 % CO2 )培养 ,间隔 12 h检查幼虫活性 ,计算死亡率、校正死亡率及半数致死量。L D50 随着作用时间的延长而逐渐减小。14株细菌伴胞晶体蛋白对 L 3的毒力差异很大。 0 17株对 L 3的杀虫作用快速而持久、毒力最强 ,其 L D50 是所有 14个菌株中最小的 ,作用 12、2 4和 36 h时分别为 1.135 7、0 .2 32 2和 0 .15 32 g/ L。     

甘蓝田四种鳞翅目幼虫的生物学特性及其田间株内分布

作者研究了不同层次甘蓝叶片对四种鳞翅目幼虫(菜粉蝶、小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾)生长发育和取食特性的影响。随着叶片成熟度提高(内层→外层),四种幼虫的存活率和生物量积累均逐渐下降,发育历期和总取食量均逐渐增加,但在低、高龄幼虫之间存在一定差异。在田间,低龄幼虫株内分布通常与其卵的株内分布相一致,而高龄幼虫均集中分布在植株中部以内叶片上;甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫表现明显的趋边性,高龄幼虫却表现明显的趋中性。作者讨论了叶片营养状况、害虫自身的生物学特性和其它环境因素对四种幼虫田间株内分布的综合影响。     

5,7,4-三羟基黄酮等生物源化合物对菜青虫幼虫生长发育的影响

为了研究生物源化合物对菜青虫幼虫Pieris rapae（L.）生长发育的影响,选用5,7,4＇-三羟基黄酮、槲皮素、芦丁、5-甲氧基水杨酸和曲酸5种化合物,以触杀和摄食毒力法进行了生物活性测定.结果表明,5,7,4＇-三羟基黄酮和槲皮素对菜青虫幼虫生长发育具有明显的影响,浸渍法处理后72 h,两种化合物对试虫致死LC50值分别为0.226和0.951g/L;叶片药膜法处理后72 h,LC50值分别为0.062和2.420 g/L.结果还表明,采用叶片药膜法,当5,7,4＇-三羟基黄酮的浓度高于0.200g/L时,所有试虫均不能正常化蛹;采用浸渍法,用5,7,4＇-三羟基黄酮、槲皮素、芦丁、5-甲氧基水杨酸和曲酸处理的菜青虫5龄幼虫体重与对照相比增长量明显降低.离体试验结果显示,5,7,4＇-三羟基黄酮和槲皮素对菜青虫酚氧化酶（phenoloxidase,EC.1.14.18.1）具有明显的抑制作用,抑制中浓度（IC50）分别为25.65和43.94mg/L.     

Effects of Mixed Grazing of First- and Second-year Calves on Trichostrongylid Infections in Lithuania

The objective of this study was to examine whether susceptible calves grazing together with second-year resistant heifers are less exposed to trichostrongylid infection than are calves grazing on their own. Two groups of animals representing each age category were turned out onto pasture on 24 May 1997 and grazed at comparable stocking rates. The grazing of calves and heifers together was compared to groups of each age category grazing separately. The results indicated that herbage larval counts were significantly reduced in the second part of the grazing season on the plot grazed by the mixed group compared to the plot grazed by the first-season calves only. The mixed grazing strategy protected the young calves and no clinical signs were observed in this group, while most of the calves that grazed alone exhibited clinical signs. The availability of herbage was reduced towards the end of the season, with subsequent competition for the grass forcing all the animals to graze the tufts around the faecal pats, where the quality of the grass is poor and the numbers of infective larvae are high. The effect of this was visible in the form of increased parasite burdens in the calves that were grazed together with the heifers, confirmed by increased blood serum pepsinogen concentrations and reduced daily weight gains in the second part of the grazing season. The lower numbers of infective larvae on the pasture were probably achieved through the heifers ingesting many of the larvae but subsequently depositing relatively few eggs, since they had acquired some degree of resistance against trichostrongylid infections during their first grazing season. Thus they did not suffer any parasitological ill-effects during mixed grazing with first-season calves.     

青杨楔天牛防治技术的研究

该文对不同杨树品种间的抗性、不同林分的被害情况以及青杨楔天牛Saperda populnea的防治技术进行了研究。结果表明,不同杨树品种间的被害率存在明显差异,小黑杨、银中杨和小叶杨被害率较低,在青杨楔天牛幼虫期采用40%氧化乐果乳油、36%虫杀星乳油涂干或36%虫杀星点涂虫瘿,其校正死亡率分别为77.15%,47.32%和87.53%。利用吡虫啉、乙酰甲胺磷原粉和大力士10倍液涂抹2 a生杨树主干,其幼虫死亡率分别为84.59%,78.52%和77.82%。     

Helicobacter apodemus sp. nov., a new Helicobacter species identified from the gastrointestinal tract of striped field mice in Korea

A novel Helicobacter species was identified from the gastrointestinal tract of the Korean striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius). Biochemical testing, ultrastructure characterization, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis suggested that this bacterium represents a distinct taxon. The bacterium was positive for urease activity, susceptible to cephalothin and nalidixic acid, and weakly positive for oxidase and catalase activity. Electron microscopy revealed that the bacterium has spirally curved rod morphology with singular bipolar nonsheathed flagella. Genotypically, the isolated bacterial strains (YMRC 000215, YMRC 000216, and YMRC 000419) were most closely related to a reference strain of Helicobacter mesocricetorum (97.25%, 97.32%, and 97.03% 16S rRNA sequence similarities, respectively). The 16S rRNA sequences of these strains were deposited into GenBank under accession numbers {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AF284754","term_id":"18389594","term_text":"AF284754"}}AF284754, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AY009129","term_id":"18409527","term_text":"AY009129"}}AY009129, and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AY009130","term_id":"18409528","term_text":"AY009130"}}AY009130, respectively. We propose the name Helicobacter apodemus for this novel species.     

Correlations between phytohemagglutinin response and leukocyte profile,and bactericidal capacity in a wild rodent

phytohemagglutinin (PHA)‐induced swelling is widely used to investigate cell‐mediated and innate immunity across different vertebrate taxa. However, its physiological mechanism is still an open question due to the complexity of the involved immune components. In the present study, we measured the synchronous variations of PHA response, the proportion of different subtypes of leukocytes, as well as serum bactericidal capacity in circulation blood at 6, 12 and 24 h after PHA versus PBS injection in striped hamster, Cricetulus barabensis. First, the results showed that PHA responses reached a peak at 6 h postinjection, then sharply declined at 12 h and 24 h postinjection. Serum bactericidal capacity was higher at 6 h and 12 h than at 24 h. The proportion of different subtypes of leukocytes, as well as the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes did not display significant changes across different time points. Second, PHA response was positively correlated with the proportion of neutrophils and serum bactericidal capacity. The proportion of monocytes was negatively correlated with that of eosinophils and neutrophils. The proportion of basophils was negatively correlated with that of lymphocytes. Our results indicate that earlier enhanced PHA response is important for the striped hamster to cope with changing environmental conditions due to its small body mass, and the increased components of innate immunity in circulation blood may contribute to the enhancement of PHA swelling response.     

Bacillus spp. Inhibit Edwardsiella tarda Quorum-Sensing and Fish Infection

The disruption of pathogen communication or quorum-sensing (QS) via quorum-quenching (QQ) molecules has been proposed as a promising strategy to fight bacterial infections. Bacillus spp. have recognizable biotechnology applications, namely as probiotic health-promoting agents or as a source of natural antimicrobial molecules, including QQ molecules. This study characterized the QQ potential of 200 Bacillus spp., isolated from the gut of different aquaculture fish species, to suppress fish pathogens QS. Approximately 12% of the tested Bacillus spp. fish isolates (FI). were able to interfere with synthetic QS molecules. Ten isolates were further selected as producers of extracellular QQ-molecules and their QQ capacity was evaluated against the QS of important aquaculture bacterial pathogens, namely Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Photobacterium damselae, Edwardsiela tarda, and Shigella sonnei. The results revealed that A. veronii and E. tarda produce QS molecules that are detectable by the Chr. violaceum biosensor, and which were degraded when exposed to the extracellular extracts of three FI isolates. Moreover, the same isolates, identified as B. subtilis, B. vezelensis, and B. pumilus, significantly reduced the pathogenicity of E. tarda in zebrafish larvae, increasing its survival by 50%. Taken together, these results identified three Bacillus spp. capable of extracellularly quenching aquaculture pathogen communication, and thus become a promising source of bioactive molecules for use in the biocontrol of aquaculture bacterial diseases.     

Selenium nutrition of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis) bioavailability, toxicity and interaction with vitamin E

Two concurrent 12-week feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of inorganic sodium selenite and organic seleno-DL-methionine and to investigate the potential interaction between selenium and vitamin E in juvenile hybrid striped bass. In experiment 1, purified diets utilizing casein, gelatin and an amino acid premix as protein sources with a basal selenium concentration of 0.11 mg Se   kg⁻¹ were supplemented with either Na₂SeO₃ to provide selenium concentrations of 1.19, 2.00, 5.17 and 21.23 mg Se kg⁻¹ or with seleno-DL-methionine to provide 0.90, 1.26 and 2.55 mg Se kg⁻¹ and fed to juvenile hybrid striped bass in aquaria. A second experiment evaluated potential interactions by feeding these purified diets with or without supplemental vitamin E or sodium selenite, singularly or in combination. No overt selenium deficiency signs were exhibited by fish in either of the experiments; however, signs of selenium toxicity including retarded weight gain (WG), reduced feed intake and feed efficiency ratio (FER) as well as increased mortality, were observed in fish fed the diet containing more than 20 mg Se kg⁻¹. Whole-body selenium and whole-body selenium retention were linearly influenced by sodium selenite and selenomethionine. However, there was no significant effect of dietary selenium, vitamin E or their interaction on WG, FER and survival. Slope-ratio analysis showed that bioavailability of seleno-DL-methionine as a selenium source for juvenile hybrid striped bass was significantly ( P  < 0.01) higher (3.3-fold) than sodium selenite.