氰戊菊酯在水中的降解

氰戊菊脂在水中的降解速度与酸碱度和光照强度有关,在碱性溶液中降解快,酸性及中性溶液中降解较慢,在蒸馏水中的光解速度,直射太阳光比散射光快。氰戊菊酯在室外池塘水中很快降解,水生生物的吸附作用是影响降解速度的重要因素,在夏季有水生植物和鱼的池塘水体中的降解半衰期为0.7～1天,在无水生植物和鱼的池水中降解较慢。     

Destratification in deep fish culture reservoirs in Israel: Practice and modelling

Thermal stratification negatively affects water quality, and thus is a threatto fish culture in deep water ponds and reservoirs. To prevent and controlit, a device based on an underwater propeller that vertically transportsoxygen rich warm water from the epilimnion down to the anoxic and colderhypolimnion was assembled. The empirical results so far obtained in Israelidual purpose reservoirs for field crop irrigation and fish culture aresummarized herein, and a mathematical model of the device's effect onreservoir thermal structure is presented.     

中国林蛙人工池塘孵化与越冬技术研究

［目的］研究中国林蛙人工池塘孵化与越冬技术。［方法］2005~2007年,在牡丹江自然保护区内挖人工池塘12个,分别设置不同水温进行林蛙孵化试验,计算孵化率和变态率;设置3个越冬池进行越冬试验,计算林蛙存活率。［结果］孵化池水温在10~12℃、12~14℃时的孵化率可达到97%以上,且明显高于其他温度下的孵化率;胚胎在8~20℃温度范围内均能正常发育,变态率达91%左右;越冬池放养密度为40只/m2左右,林蛙的越冬存活率可达95%。［结论］人工池塘孵化的最适温度是10~14℃,水深保持在2m左右;林蛙越冬的放养密度建议控制在40只/m2左右,并每月换水1次,水温控制在5℃左右。     

对虾池的放养密度对浮游生物群落的影响

于１９９８年７￣９月在山东海阳养虾场运用陆基围隔实验生态学方法,研究了对虾与罗非鱼在五种放养密度下浮游生物群落的变动情况。结果表明;可能浮游动物的摄食对浮游植物产生影响,二者数量的消长在大多数围隔都呈负相关;纤毛虫的数量与浮游植物的总生物量呈负相关;随着养殖密度的增加,浮游植物生物量减少,而浮游动物却有所增加,前者的优势类群由硅藻变为甲藻、蓝藻和隐藻。后者的在组成中镖水蚤数量减少而剑水蚤、无节幼体、轮虫和原生动物等小型种类有所增加;纤毛虫在高密度围隔中大量繁殖,说明水质已逐渐恶化。     

淡水养殖中华鲟成鱼的3种方式及效果比较

淡水养殖中华鲟成鱼主要有工厂化养殖、网箱养殖和池塘养殖等3种方式。工厂化养殖和网箱养殖中华鲟成鱼的生长速度要明显快于池塘养殖方式,其中网箱养殖的成鱼有最大的相对生长率和瞬时生长率。工厂化养殖中华鲟成鱼需要较大的资金投入和较高的生产运行成本,同等生产规模的投资成本和生产运行成本为网箱养殖的2~3倍,不宜大规模推广,可选择条件适宜的山溪、水库进行自流式流水养殖;网箱养殖投入产出比高,能源消耗少,节约水资源,养殖中华鲟的生长速度、成活率、资金投入的效益等均有较明显的优势,是一种值得提倡和推广的中华鲟成鱼养殖方式。池塘养殖中华鲟成鱼虽然投入和成本低,但养殖成活率低,效果差,不宜大量采用。试验结果表明,工厂化养殖和网箱养殖中华鲟成鱼的单位面积载鱼量均较低,规格1~3kg的个体,养殖时的有效载鱼量控制在10kg·m-2左右较适宜,不宜超过15kg·m-2。     

川西高山树线交错带海拔梯度上土壤有机碳稳定性特征

高山树线交错带是高海拔地带对环境变化最为敏感的生态系统之一,土壤有机碳库及其稳定性在生态系统变化中具有显著指示作用。通过物理-化学方法对土壤不同活性有机碳进行连续分级分离,研究土壤有机碳不同组分在海拔环境梯度下分布特征及稳定性。结果表明,高山树线交错带土壤有机碳主要集中在物理分级组分（≥0.02 mm）,且粒径越大有机碳含量越高,即主要以颗粒态有机碳形式存在,占比均高于98%;在<0.02 mm有机-无机复合体中有机碳采用化学分级分离,这部分有机碳占比低于土壤总有机碳2%,且主要以腐殖质（胡敏素）形式存在（占土壤总有机碳0.6%~0.8%）,腐殖质占有机碳比例远低于一般土壤;随着海拔升高,土壤有机碳总量上升,颗粒态有机碳（物理分级组分）比例升高,胡敏素类腐殖质比例下降。因此,川西高海拔树线交错带的高寒土壤有机碳,主要以不稳定有机碳（POC）形式存在,随着温度上升（海拔降低）将导致土壤矿质化和腐殖化加剧,有机碳总量下降,土壤不稳定性组分（物理分级组分）降低,土壤稳定性（腐殖化比例）上升。     

Organic matter turnover in soil physical fractions following woody plant invasion of grassland: Evidence from natural C and N

Soil physical structure causes differential accessibility of soil organic carbon (SOC) to decomposer organisms and is an important determinant of SOC storage and turnover. Techniques for physical fractionation of soil organic matter in conjunction with isotopic analyses (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) of those soil fractions have been used previously to (a) determine where organic C is stored relative to aggregate structure, (b) identify sources of SOC, (c) quantify turnover rates of SOC in specific soil fractions, and (d) evaluate organic matter quality. We used these two complementary approaches to characterize soil C storage and dynamics in the Rio Grande Plains of southern Texas where C₃ trees/shrubs (δ¹³C=−27‰) have largely replaced C₄ grasslands (δ¹³C=−14‰) over the past 100-200 years. Using a chronosequence approach, soils were collected from remnant grasslands (Time 0) and from woody plant stands ranging in age from 10 to 130 years. We separated soil organic matter into specific size/density fractions and determined their C and N concentrations and natural δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values. Mean residence times (MRTs) of soil fractions were calculated based on changes in their δ¹³C with time after woody encroachment. The shortest MRTs (average=30 years) were associated with all particulate organic matter (POM) fractions not protected within aggregates. Fine POM (53-250 μm) within macro- and microaggregates was relatively more protected from decay, with an average MRT of 60 years. All silt+clay fractions had the longest MRTs (average=360 years) regardless of whether they were found inside or outside of aggregate structure. δ¹⁵N values of soil physical fractions were positively correlated with MRTs of the same fractions, suggesting that higher δ¹⁵N values reflect an increased degree of humification. Increased soil C and N pools in wooded areas were due to both the retention of older C₄-derived organic matter by protection within microaggregates and association with silt+clay, and the accumulation of new C₃-derived organic matter in macroaggregates and POM fractions.     

涝洼地“雪莲”硬池藕无公害标准化高产栽培技术

按照莲藕的生态习性,依据农业生态学原理,创新选用硬池浅水栽培模式,引进、试验、示范“雪莲”系列新品种,采用无公害标准化生产技术,取得了较为显著的经济、社会和生态效益。     

基于柯布-道格拉斯生产函数的中国罗非鱼池塘养殖经济效益及影响因素分析

为了分析罗非鱼养殖经济效益的影响因素,采用2014年广东、广西、海南、福建和云南等5省（自治区）12个县的300组调查数据,运用成本收益分析法对罗非鱼池塘单养、混养和综合经营模式的经济效益进行了统计分析,并通过柯布-道格拉斯生产函数模型,测算了不同的投入和产出因素对中国罗非鱼池塘养殖经济效益的影响程度。结果表明,罗非鱼综合经营模式的成本利润率最高,罗非鱼单养模式的成本利润率最低。罗非鱼养殖生产的饲料投入、罗非鱼劳动用工数和池塘养殖面积因素是影响罗非鱼养殖效益的最显著因素。提出进行健康生态养殖,提高罗非鱼产品质量、降低饲料系数,提高饲料利用率、成立产业化经营组织和发展电子商务等途径来提高中国罗非鱼池塘养殖的经济效益。     

人工养殖麦穗鱼的生长特性

分析麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)在人工养殖条件下的生长特性,为麦穗鱼养殖提供参考依据。2016年3—11月,于室外水泥池中开展了麦穗鱼养殖试验,分别测量其体重、体长及全长指标,进行生长特性分析。经180天的养殖,麦穗鱼平均全长达到3.96cm,平均体长达到3.23 cm,平均体重达到0.49g。特定生长率、日均增量和肥满度均受水温影响变化明显。体长(LB)与全长(LT)之间存在线性回归关系：LT=1.0589LB 0.767 (R2=0.8628),体长与体重(W)的回归方程为：W=0.0466LB2.1623 (R2=0.8306)。麦穗鱼体长的变异系数范围为6%~14%,体重的变异系数范围为20%~41%,肥满度在1.45~5.31之间变动。麦穗鱼在室外水泥池中生长效果良好,适宜进行规模化人工养殖。