Foresters' beliefs about farmers: a priority for social science research in social forestry

This study suggests that one of the most productive (and most neglected) uses of social science research in forestry development projects is to examine foresters' beliefs regarding rural peoples. This suggestion is illustrated with data from the Forestry Planning and Development Project, Pakistan's first nation-wide social forestry project.The operational component of this project, intended to assist small farmers to cultivate trees on their farmlands, ran into immediate difficulties. Many of the foresters involved insisted that small farmers were simply not interested in tree cultivation. A comprehensive base-line study subsequently was carried out to examine the validity of this belief. The results of this study (confirmed by the subsequent experience with the project in the field) varied markedly from the foresters' beliefs.While many of the foresters believed small farmers were opposed to having trees on their farms and would not agree to plant trees under the project, most farmers already had trees on their farms and expressed interest in planting more; while many foresters believed farmers would only be interested in planting large blocks of market-oriented exotics, most farmers requested small plantings of multi-purpose native trees; while many foresters believed farmers would plant trees only for market sale, most farmers requested trees to meet household needs for fuel and timber; and while many foresters did not think that increasing supplies of fuelwood could reduce the burning of dung, all of the evidence provided by the farmers suggested that it would.The disparity between farmer reality and forester belief is attributed to failures on the part of both foresters and social scientists — failure by foresters to distinguish their non-empirical beliefs about farmers from their empirically-based knowledge of trees, and failure by social scientists to recognize the belief systems of foresters as a legitimate and important object of study. Their study comprises three parts: finding out what the foresters think the farmers want, finding out from the farmers what they actually want, and then analyzing and explaining the differences.     

基于“对分易”网络教学平台的体育旅游概论课程的教学实践探索研究

指出了《体育旅游概论》课程对体育旅游的理论知识和实践技能的掌握具有较高的专业要求,教学平台将讲授、内化、讨论的环节融合到传统课堂,并利用现代互联网技术,通过“对分易”微信平台实现对《体育旅游概论》课堂教学的改革创新,从而实现多元的教学目标,激发学生学习的积极性、主动性、创造性。因此,研究了在传统体育旅游课堂中引入“对分易”网络教学平台的移动学习模式,针对体育生群体的特殊性,探究了“对分易”教学平台在课堂教学中的应用创新,并分析了应用效果和存在的问题,提出了一些改进措施,此研究旨在为线上线下“混合式”教学提供网络平台的案例支持。     

关于加强长江渔文化保护与传承的思考

长江渔文化是长江文化的主要源头之一,而长江文化又是中华文化的重要源文化之一。面对长江十年禁渔,长江渔文化的保护与传承刻不容缓。对此,有助于推进长江十年禁渔,有助于长江文化的传承创新,有助于推进文化强国建设,有助于生态文明建设,有助于长江经济带乡村振兴,有助于丰富中华文化内涵。本文选取上海市崇明区为案例,采用问卷调查及实地访谈等形式,对长江渔文化保护与传承的影响因素进行分析,对收集来的数据以统计分析软件进行描述性统计分析,发现主要问题为：地方管理与治理能力比较薄弱;急功近利开发影响保护与传承;普通民众保护与传承意识淡薄。对此,建议完善长江渔文化保护与传承法治与机制;加强对长江渔文化遗产及其传承人保护;加强长江渔文化的宣传应用与活态传承;加强长江渔文化资源的创新转化与开发等,为长江渔文化的保护与传承提供助益。     

西北太平洋柔鱼渔情速报系统的开发

The neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartrami, is one of the most important jig fisheries in the northwest Pacific Ocean. In order to understand the movement of O. bartrami fishing-ground better and supply O. bartrami fishing-ground information for Chinese fishing boats in the northwest Pacific ocean, the fishing condition analysis and forecasting system of O. bartrami was developed successfully. The system was based on established comprehensive database, which included the catch data of O. bartrami (total yields, count of total fishing boats, fishing position etc. ) and oceanic environmental information (SST, SST gradient etc. ). Artificial intelligent technology about case-based reasoning was also combined with GIS component technology successfully in the system. The process and function of system establishment are composed of four parts: setting up of case database for central fishing-ground and its environmental factors, knowledge reasoning of fishery information, GIS visualization analyzing as well as trend forecasting of central fishing-ground and information production mapping. At last as an example of the results, an experimental central fishing-ground forecasting of O. bartrami from 9 to 15 in July 2002 in the northwest Pacific Ocean was given in the paper. The results showed that through three class similar searching forecasting central fishing-ground would move west, and indicating that forecasting of the system for O. bartrami central fishing-ground was correct by comparing to real fishing-ground from 16 to 22 in July 2002. Consequently, artificial intelligent expert system technology about case-based reasoning is a useful method for fishing condition and fishing-ground forecasting.     

山东省群众渔业变水层绳拖网研究↑（*）

近几年，山东省群众渔业绳拖网发展很快，进入９０年代以来，先后在蓬莱、荣成和环翠等地的１３６－１４７Ｋｗ渔船上试验了目大０８ｍ、１ｍ、２２ｍ、３５ｍ、４ｍ、５ｍ、６ｍ、７ｍ、８ｍ、１０８ｍ的绳拖网，取得显著效果。本文对山东省各种绳拖网的试验情况，网型特点，网线配置和其他方面的性能进行了综合分析，并提出改进意见。     

基于海洋遥感的西北印度洋鸢乌贼渔场形成机制的初步分析

2003年9-11月中国鱿钓船对西北印度洋海域鸢乌贼渔场进行生产性探捕调查，发现在16°N、61°E附近海域存在中心渔场，平均日产达5 t以上，但渔场10 d后迅速消失。本文结合本次调查生产数据和卫星遥感资料对这一渔场进行了分析。渔场形成内在动力在于上升流的存在，它使深海缺氧、营养丰富的海水上涌到表层，上升流影响区域SST低，表层藻类 的繁盛，海表面叶绿素a（Chl-a）浓度值高。溶解氧缺乏，驱使鸢乌贼朝溶解氧比较丰富的区域即向SST高值和Chl-a低值的区域聚集，但鸢乌贼也有朝食物丰富区域即Chl-a高和SST低值区域觅食习性。鱼群易集中在SST梯度较大且Chl-a梯度较大的狭长区域。同时，当该海域附近上升流发生后，低压扰动有利于较大的SST梯度及Chl－a梯度的出现和维持，渔场海洋环境复杂，鱼群迅速聚集，形成中心渔场；而当低压扰动消失，风速增大，风向单一，渔场海洋环境单一均匀，鱼群会很快分散，中心渔场消失。     

悬链线和抛物线理论在金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中的应用

本文依次用悬链线和抛物线理论分析推导了金枪鱼延绳钓具的两种投放方法以及在渔场各水层相同流态下钓具充分沉降后所有钓钩位置包括深度和相互间水平间距的计算公式 ,可用于作业参考。     

浙北沿岸大黄鱼放流增殖的初步研究

为了恢复浙江渔场大黄鱼资源，1998—2002年，浙江省在浙江北部沿岸海域进行了大黄鱼增殖放流可行性研究。通过5年来的放流试验表明，在浙北沿岸进行大黄鱼放流是完全可行的，放流鱼能够在放流区域附近海域存活、生长，并进行索饵、产卵洄游，同时形成了一定数量的捕捞群体，放流鱼回捕率较高，放流效果较好。文章对试验放流过程中出现的问题进行了探讨和分析，为今后进一步大规模放流提出了建议。