Competitive exclusion of brown trout Salmo trutta L., by rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, in lake tributaries, New Zealand

Spawning runs of brown trout Salmo trutta L., and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, were compared in three tributaries of two lakes for timing, numbers and redd characteristics. Redd characteristics for the two species in four other streams were examined. No significant differences in redd characteristics between the two species were observed, but in all lake tributaries the possibilities of superimposition of spring spawning rainbow trout on redds of brown trout were examined. A common feature was the high ratio of numbers of spawners to the area of preferred spawning gravel, and it was concluded that in the lake tributaries, superimposition resulted in increased mortality of brown trout eggs, and in one case elimination of the brown trout population. Management possibilities for control of the species proportions in comparable situations are discussed.     

Prespawning migratory behaviour and spawning success of sea-ranched Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the River Gudenaa, Denmark

The migratory behaviour of sea-ranched Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was analysed by radio-telemetry in the River Gudenaa, Denmark. The main objectives were to: (1) estimate mortality of returning adults through the fjord; (2) observe rate of progression and migratory pattern in the fjord and river; and (3) record whether spawning occurs in the river. Forty-two returning salmon (19 males and 23 females of total body length from 60–97 cm) reared and released as smolts, were caught and equipped with external radio transmitters in the outer estuary of the River Gudenaa in 1994 and 1995. Of the tagged salmon, 18 (43%) were caught in the estuary, four (10%) were not recorded after release and 20 (47%) entered the river. The mean rate of progression through the fjord was 7.6 km d−1 (range 1.4–18.2) in 1994 and 5.4 km  d−1 (range 1.6–17.1) in 1995. Eleven salmon were alive at the onset of the spawning period. Eight were retrieved dead from the river during or after the spawning period; four with empty gonads assumed to be successful spawners, and four with intact gonads. In 1994, unsuccessful spawners (found dead with intact gonads) entered the river earlier and had a longer total migration distance in the river compared to successful spawners. This suggests that spawning success of sea-ranched salmon is associated with time of river entry and river migration length.     

辽河鲇种群生殖调节机制研究

研究辽河流域鲇种群生殖适应性,即个体生殖力及其调节机制、生殖过程及其适应性。结果表明：鲇个体生殖力低于鲤科鱼类而与乌鳢和胡子鲇相近,卵质优于鲤科鱼类;鲇产卵期长,有利于亲鱼充分利产卵场和仔鱼利用铒料资源;产卵后卵巢内有大量的卵母细胞残留是对不稳定生殖环境的适应。     

黄海玉筋鱼繁殖习性的初步研究

1999~2004年来,对黄海玉筋鱼渔场变动进行了全年跟踪调查。产卵期对沿海小型流动渔具及定置张网渔业进行了调查,研究其繁殖习性。研究结果表明,在黄海35N°以北近海,存在着范围很广的玉筋鱼产卵场,主要产卵场有3处,各自相互隔离。本文主要以北部产卵场为重点,开展该鱼繁殖习性的研究。北部产卵场玉筋鱼产卵盛期为11月,Ⅳ~V期卵巢内相同卵径的频率分布十分集中,为明显的单峰型,属一次性产卵类型。1龄玉筋鱼95%以上性成熟,作为小型鱼种,个体绝对生殖力很高,纯重在1.8~13.8g、体长在90~200mm,个体绝对生殖力一般在0.60~4.20×104粒,个体生殖力随年龄增长而增长。玉筋鱼群体组成简单,生殖群体最高仅为3龄,以1~2龄为主,年度发生量有波动,但不大。过度利用剩余群体以及对幼鱼的破坏,已导致了北部及西部产卵场的发生量连年锐减,实现可持续利用这一资源也是该项研究的重要目的之一。     

Proposal for stock-recruitment relationship for Japanese sardine <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sardinops melanostictus</Emphasis> in North-Western Pacific

ABSTRACT:   This study assessed the stock-recruitment relationship (SRR) for the Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus in the North-western Pacific. Of the 20 SRR models investigated, the Akaike information criterion (AIC) was the minimum (AIC = 551.2) when the data were separated into two groups (A and B) and the log-normal distribution was applied as the error term. Group A was constructed with SRR data from 1976–1987 and 1992–2004. Group B consisted of data from 1988–1991. The AIC minimum model was R  = 22.8 S  ×  e ^ε for Group A, where R , S , and ε denote the recruitment of sardine (individual number of 0-year old fish), spawning stock biomass (SSB), and error term, respectively. This model indicated that recruitment was proportional to the SSB and that no density-dependent effect operated over the range of SSB investigated (51 000–11.3 million t). Recruitment was markedly higher (lower) when the sea surface temperature (SST) of the Kuroshio Extension area in February was low (high). The essential SRR can simply be expressed as R  = 22.8 S  ×  e ^ε with the level of recruitment deviating from the model to a greater or lesser degree depending on the environmental conditions.     

注射含HCG和CPE的W／O／W复乳诱导日本鳗鲡性腺发育成熟的研究

用含HCG及鲤脑垂体（PG）匀浆液提取物（CPE）的W／O／W复乳，对塘养雌鳗进行注射催熟实验，雌鳗平均GSI达35．18％，最高达56．5％，其催熟效果较常规注射方法（平均GSI 27．9％，最高50．4％）好，用含LHRH－A，HCG，CPE的复乳和DOM生理盐水混悬剂对部分达到性成熟的鳗鲡进行催产，用W／O／W复乳诱导成熟的鳗鲡，排卵率为75％，用常规方法催熟的鳗鲡排卵率为55％，注射复乳制剂后，鳗鲡血清GtH含量可较长时间的保持较高水平，血清GtH的变化较常规注射方法缓和，注射乳剂还可使鳗鲡脑垂体GtH含量升高。     

南海区驯养条石鲷亲鱼的初次性成熟和产卵

2008年4月初在广东省饶平县对2006年5月人工孵化和培育的2龄条石鲷（ Oplegnathus fasciatus）成熟亲鱼进行激素诱导,研究和观察条石鲷亲鱼初次性成熟的繁殖生物学。结果显示,在南海区全人工养殖的条石鲷亲鱼初次性成熟年龄为2龄,成熟亲鱼的最小型为全长245 mm、体质量610 g,最大个体为全长300 mm、体质量1450 g;产卵季节为4月10日~7月15日,产卵盛期为4月中旬至6月下旬;为升温产卵型鱼类,产卵温度为20.0~28.8℃,适宜的产卵温度为20.7~27.6℃;雌、雄亲鱼发育同步,个体大小和成熟年龄差别不大;雌鱼属于一年一次分批产卵类型,产卵期超过3个月;24尾初次性成熟雌性亲鱼的总产卵量为3180.0×104粒,日最高产卵量为341.5×104粒;其产卵量和受精卵质量与水温的变化关系密切,受精卵的浮卵率随温度的变化而变化,在水温相对衡定时,浮卵率相对稳定并维持在80%~95%的较高水平;受精卵平均卵径为（0.860±0.023）mm,油球径为（0.191±0.009）mm。     

Design and development of a geothermal temperature control system for broodstock management of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

A control system was designed to raise and maintain water temperatures within 0.03-ha earthen ponds to a range conducive for spawning (24–30 °C) channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Heating was done during February 2001 to April 2001, when temperatures would have otherwise prohibited spawning (<24 °C). Temperature was increased from 10 °C (ambient) by 2 °C per day, and maintained at 27 °C, by the addition of geothermally warmed water (36 °C). The control system substantially increased the controllability and precision of heating ponds compared to manual operation. Systems were designed to control sets of four ponds. In designing this control system, consideration of biological constraints was essential. Reproduction in channel catfish is most strongly influenced by temperature. Because cold fronts are common during the winter and early spring (January–March), it was essential to ensure that pond temperatures did not fall below the range for spawning. Constraints on the heating rate and temperature variability to maintain fish health and stimulate spawning behavior were considered. Components of the control system included temperature measurement devices (type-T thermocouples), a central electronic control unit, electronic switches and electrically actuated ball valves. In response to the temperature sensed by each thermocouple, the controller sent a message to close or open the valve. When the valve was opened, warm water was added to the pond to increase the average pond temperature. Hardware and algorithm design and initial system testing were the major components of this project. The final design incorporated information on relevant biological parameters and safety features including peak pond temperature, independent aeration and water pressure control mechanisms. Initial results indicate successful control of this biological system, and ongoing studies suggest similar mechanisms may be used for additional control objectives. In particular, this system could be used to vary pond temperatures to study biological responses and to cool ponds by addition of well water during summer months.     

不同条件下豆天蛾卵的发育情况研究

为探究豆天蛾卵在不同条件下的发育情况, 分别对不同湿度、不同温度以及不同产卵月份所产的豆天蛾卵的孵化率以及卵期进行了比较。结果表明, 温度为20℃, 湿度为50%时, 豆天蛾卵孵化率为92.33%, 显著高于湿度为25%和75%的孵化率(P<0.05); 平均卵期为9.08 d, 显著短于其他湿度条件下的平均卵期(P<0.05)。湿度一定时（50%）, 温度为30℃时孵化率最高, 达97.00%;其次为25℃, 孵化率达91.00%。豆天蛾卵在此两种温度下孵化率显著高于除20℃外的其他温度(P<0.05)。35℃下平均卵期最短, 为5.32 d; 其次为30℃和25℃, 分别为5.45 d和5.70 d。此3种温度下的卵期无显著差异, 但均显著短于15℃和20℃下的卵期(P<0.05)。湿度、温度一定时, 产自4、5、6、7、8月的豆天蛾卵中, 6月的卵孵化率最高, 达96.67%, 显著高于其他4个月份豆天蛾卵的孵化率(P<0.05)。4－8月产的卵平均卵期分别为10.07、7.08、6.80、6.07 d和5.34 d。本研究明确了各因子对豆天蛾卵孵化效果的影响, 完善了人工养殖豆天蛾技术体系, 为大规模、工厂化养殖提供了理论基础和技术保障。