西北太平洋海域柔鱼产卵场和作业渔场的水温年间比较及其与资源丰度的关系

根据1995-2002年西北太平洋柔鱼的产卵场和索饵场表温及其生产统计数据,对其表温的年间变动及其与资源丰度的关系进行探讨。在20°～30°N、140°～170°E产卵场海域,1995-1997年表温相对较低,而1999年偏高,1998年和2000-2002年则处在中间水平。在39°～45°N、150°E以西索饵场海域,2002年表温处在较低水平,1998-2000年偏高,1995-1997和2001年处在中间水平。在39°～45°N、150°～165°E索饵场海域,1995、1997和2002年表温较低,1998-2000年偏高,1996和2001年处在中间水平。灰色关联表明,产卵场和索饵场的表温及距平均值均对柔鱼资源丰度影响较为显著,其关联度均在0.5以上。资源丰度与距表温平均值的多元线性模型为:在150°E以西海域,CPUE=1.0700+1.6840T1+2.7596T2-2.3177T3;在150°～165°E海域,CPUE=2.5311-1.5226T1+0.1519T2+0.6720T3。     

Reproduction of chub, Leuciscus cephalus L., under controlled conditions

Research into artificial reproduction of chub was studied during three subsequent reproductive seasons. Chub reproduction was conducted in two different variations. In the first experiment different hormonal agents were given to fish, such as CPE, hCG, or an analogue of GnRH with dopamine antagonist (ovopel). In the second one, the optimum moment of applying of artificial reproduction was sought and the fish were only obtained an analogue of GnRH in different periods. The results obtained in two first seasons indicated that ovopel is the most effective agent for the artificial reproduction of chub. Consequently, it was decided that the fish would obtain only this agent in the final year of research. In last year (experiment II), chub spawners were taken to the hatchery under controlled conditions every few weeks from February to the beginning of June. Periodically, the maturity of oocytes was checked. As soon as the oocytes had achieved stage 2–3 of maturity, fish were obtained ovopel. It was noted that there was no problem with collecting semen. Obtaining oocytes was much more difficult. Most frequently, they were not obtained at all or obtained in very small amounts. It was also observed that the administration of hormones caused a very quick maturation of gonads and their over-maturation.     

Spawning induces a shift in energy metabolism from glucose to lipid in rainbow trout white muscle

Enzymatic changes that occur in the white somatic muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to spawning were investigated, and the evenness of their distribution across the ventral-dorsal plane of this muscle was assessed. Four enzymes that are involved in energy metabolism were measured (phosphofructokinase: glycolytic capacity, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase: -oxidation, citrate synthase: citric acid cycle, cytochrome oxidase: oxidative capacity). The enzyme activities were followed in different parts of the white muscle of non-spawning female rainbow trout from May, four months after their first spawning, until December, at second spawning. Samples were taken from white epaxial muscle along the lateral line, on the dorsum, and in between. Samples were also taken from red muscle of non-spawning fish. The isoforms of myosin heavy chains (MyHC) were electrophoretically identified on 6% SDS-PAGE gel to study possible changes in contractile properties of the muscle.Transformation from the non-spawning to spawning phase was associated with dramatic changes in the activity of the enzymes studied in white muscle: glycolytic capacity decreased to less than half, whereas oxidative metabolism increased about two- to four-fold in all areas. Significant quantitative differences in enzyme activities were found between the three epaxial muscle areas: in the non-spawning fish lateral line samples differed from those taken in the other two areas, whereas in spawning fish the dorsal sample difered from the other two. No difference in the expression of MyHC-isoforms was found between spawning and non-spawning fish. Co-expression of both slow and fast isoforms was found in single fibres isolated from red muscle.The results show that the energy metabolism in white muscle of domestic rainbow trout is altered during spawning; i.e., the metabolism becomes increasingly aerobic, with an increased capacity for fatty acid utilization, concomitant with phenotypic changes associated with sexual maturation. These changes are especially pronounced in ventral, superficially located fibres.     

Involvement of steroid hormones in the preovulatory gonadotropin surge in female goldfish

Goldfish,Carassius auratus, spawn several times within a spawning season. A gonadotropin (GtH) surge occurs at the time of ovulation in this cyprinid species. This ovulatory GtH surge mediates the processes of final oocyte maturation and ovulation, and occurs at the end of each spawning cycle. Within a cycle, there is a shift in the predominant plasma steroid from estradiol to testosterone, and finally 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one at the time of the ovulatory GtH surge. High levels of testosterone were always observed before ovulation. When ovariectomized or sexually regressed female goldfish were implanted with testosterone, they exhibited a GtH surge which was similar to those normally observed at ovulation. These results strongly suggest that elevated plasma testosterone is an important physiological requirement for the occurrence of the GtH surge.     

长江上游白鲟幼鱼形态发育和产卵场的调查研究

１９８９年３月至１９９１年６月对长江重庆江段１９尾白鲟（体长４８０～１１４８ｍｍ）的形态、生长和食性进行了分析及年龄鉴定。结果表明，幼鲟生长较快，身体各部分增长不一致，眼径、吻须增长较慢。其体长（ＢＬ）、体重（Ｗ）的关系式为：Ｗ＝５．２１１９×１０－６ＢＬ２．９２７１。白鲟为肉食性鱼类，体长约６４７ｍｍ的幼鲟主要摄食小型鲤科鱼类。葛洲坝截流后，长江上游白鲟产卵场未变，种群数量有所回升。     

Movement patterns of armado, Pterodoras granulosus, in the Paraná River Basin

Abstract –  We studied the migratory behaviour of armado, Pterodoras granulosus , in the Paraná River Basin of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, during 1997–2005. This species invaded the Upper Paraná River after upstream dispersal was facilitated when Itaipu Reservoir inundated a natural barrier. Fish were tagged ( N  = 8051) in the mainstems of the Yacyreta and Itaipu reservoirs, bays of major tributaries, the Paraná River floodplain above Itaipu Reservoir, and below dams. In all, 420 fish were recaptured of which 61% moved away from the release area. Fish moved a maximum of 215 km (mean 42), and at a maximum rate of 9.4 km·day⁻¹ (mean 0.6). Of the 256 armados that moved away from the release site, 145 moved upstream towards unimpounded stretches of the Paraná River and 111 moved downstream into the reservoir and bays of its tributaries (maximum 150 km). Based on the observed migratory movements, we suspect that most of the reproductive output originates in tributaries to the reservoirs. The ability of this species to expand its range presents a conundrum by pitting fishery management interests against conservation needs. Maintenance of the important armado fisheries depends on the ability of the species to migrate freely to use spawning and nursery areas in reservoir tributaries and floodplains. However, its ability to migrate long distances can allow this non-native species the opportunity to invade most of the Upper Paraná River.     

Changes in tissue lipid levels in the freshwater catfishClarias batrachus associated with the reproductive cycle

The levels of free fatty acid (FFA), monoglyceride (MG), diglyceride (DG), triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL), free cholesterol (CF) and esterified cholesterol (CE) were measured in the liver, plasma, ovary, abdominal fat and muscle during different phases of the annual reproductive cycle in femaleClarias batrachus. During the preparatory phase, hepatic lipogenic activity predominated over mobilization and consumption. In the prespawning season, an increased hepatic lipogenic activity was maintained, but lipids were transferred from the liver to the ovary. In the spawning phase, the diminished food intake, and enhanced caloric demand for spawning behaviour and activity limited hepatic lipogenic activity, and TG lypolysis was increased as was the production of more FFA. Maximum accumulation of vitellogenin, as reflected by maximum rise in ovarian PL titre was characteristic of this phase. Marked reductions in ovarian lipid occurred during the postspawning phase. In the resting phase, there was a recovery of lipogenic activity, but PL synthesis was still inhibited. In contrast to other investigated teleosts, there were extremely high level of FFA in liver, plasma, ovary and muscle throughout the annual reproductive cycle inC. batrachus. FFA appears to be the main lipid metabolite which had a very high turnover. As evidenced by the high TG content, abdominal fat seems to be the main fat depot, not the liver and muscle.Correspondent author     

Length-based Beverton and Holt spawning stock biomass per-recruit-models, with application to the Lates stappersii (Boulenger) stock in Lake Tanganyika

Two kinds of length-based Beverton and Holt spawning stock biomass per-recruit ( SSB/R )-models are presented. The first allows the computation of the absolute value of SSB/R . The second estimates the index of SSB/R , also called 'relative SSB/R '. Both models are extensions of the original age-based Beverton and Holt SSB/R -models. The SSB/R and its index can be assessed with reference to variations in the exploitation characteristics. These models were applied to the Lates stappersii (Boulenger) stock in Lake Tanganyika using fishing mortality as the independent variable. They produce an absolute value of SSB/R of 12.95 g, representing 22.4% of that of the 'virgin' stock for the 1993–1994 equilibrium-fishing regime. This level is indicative of an unsafe state of the stock in question. Moreover, the SSB for L. stappersii seems to be fragile under increased fishing pressure as, for example, doubling or tripling the current fishing regime would reduce the current SSB/R by 57.3 and 77.4%, respectively. In general, the use of length-based Beverton and Holt SSB/R -models is handicapped by underlying hypotheses and sub-models which are restrictive.