基于高分遥感影像的亚高寒草甸土壤水分含量反演

通过高分卫星遥感影像计算植被供水指数来反演亚高寒草甸土壤水分含量,结合高分辨率遥感影像(GF-2)和中分辨率的遥感影像(Landsat-7)进行土壤水分反演模型建模验证,揭示高分遥感影像结合植被供水指数法在青藏高原东北缘亚高寒草甸草原上的适用性,同时分析研究区土壤水分分布及其影响因素。基于高分二号（GF-2）、Landsat-7影像数据,以甘南藏族自治州当周草原为研究区,利用植被供水指数（VSWI, vegetation supply water index）构建土壤水分反演模型得到研究区土壤水分含量反演图,通过半方差函数及主成分分析法探索研究区土壤水分空间分布及影响因素。结果表明：研究区土壤水分含量分布状态呈现出一定程度的空间变异,体现在整个研究区内以及各个地块之间,土壤水分含量主要介于0.11%~60.44%之间;土壤水分含量与坡度、海拔、坡向、NDVI、地表温度均呈正相关关系,分布主要受NDVI、坡向、坡度、海拔的影响。综上,利用植被供水指数法结合高分遥感影像监测土壤水分含量是可行的,基于GF-2遥感影像所建立的模型拟合度最优,较Landsat-7遥感影像更具优势。     

玉龙喀什河平原区地下水矿化度的时空变异研究

对玉龙喀什河平原区面积约942km^2的地下水进行两期取样检测矿化度,各取得了202个地下水矿化度样本,应用地质统计学方法（对取得数据进行了半方差函数分析）计算了均值、方差、标准差、变异系数等统计特征值。在此基础上,将分形理论与地质统计学原理相结合,计算了玉龙喀什河平原区在1999年和2003年的地下水矿化度,分形维数分别为1．67,1．43,变异系数分别为0．46,0．51,可见,2003年地下水矿化度的均匀性要比1999年差。初步研究表明,干旱区表层地下水的矿化度并非属理想分形的介质,它仅在一定的尺度内才具有分形特征。通过对1999年及2003年水样的分析,得出该地区地下水矿化度在空间与时间上皆存在明显的变异性。在空间尺度上,研究区地下水矿化度中部大于东西部;东北部大于西北部。在时间尺度上,随着时间的推移（1999-2003年）研究区中部的地下水矿化度有逐渐升高的趋势。     

Spatial distribution of weeds in arable crops: are current sampling and analytical methods appropriate?

This paper reviews the literature concerning the spatial distribution of weeds; highlighting the limitations of our current sampling and analytical methodologies, and suggesting how these inadequacies can be addressed. Most research studies have used discrete sampling, i.e. weeds are counted within a quadrat, on a grid basis. Few have mapped weeds at a whole-field scale, either with a resolution appropriate to spraying operations or key ecological processes. Statistical analyses used to describe the data can be divided into two main types, spatially implicit (also at the scale of the sampling unit) or spatially explicit, in which the location of individuals is included in the analyses. Spatially implicit methods can be strongly affected by quadrat size and mean density and are of doubtful benefit. More attention is required to address sampling resolution issues for spatially explicit methods. Our understanding of the formation and dynamics of spatial pattern, as well as predicting the consequences of site-specific management, can be improved with models. Unfortunately, most models consider only newly expanding patches and appear incapable of predicting spatial distributions when an area has been fully invaded. More detailed biological information is required if models are to become more realistic and informative. We also need to ensure that we understand the spatial processes in the context of the whole field environment, to optimize the success of site-specific weed management in the longer term.     

锡林郭勒草原植被覆盖度时空动态与影响因素分析

以MODIS地表辐射率数据对内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒草地进行研究,分析了2001—2013年生长季(4—10月份)草甸草原、典型草原、沙地草原和荒漠草原4种草地类型植被覆盖度(fv)的时空变化特征,用变异系数(C_v)衡量各类草原f_v的变化程度,并结合气象和放牧数据分析气候变化和人类活动(放牧)对草地f_v的影响。结果表明,在不同年份各类型草原f_v均表现为由东向西递减的规律,同类型草原年际间fv呈不显著波动变化。研究区多年f_v的Cv结果表明有78.66%地区属脆弱和很脆弱水平,其中典型草原和沙地草原属脆弱级别,而荒漠草原属很脆弱级别,只有草甸草原属稳定级别。降水量对f_v的影响较大,呈显著正相关关系;而温度对fv的影响较小,呈不显著负相关关系;牲畜养殖数量对f_v影响较大,锡林郭勒盟草原的适宜综合牲畜养殖数量为39只/km~2(以标准羊计)。     

近40 a黄河乌兰布和沙漠段河道演变特征

基于Landsat系列卫星遥感数据,利用目视解译法提取黄河乌兰布和沙漠段近40 a夏季河道演变特征值,对比分析两岸河道演变特征并分析其变化原因.结果表明:①以乌海水利枢纽为起点,1973-2015年黄河乌兰布和沙漠段左岸堆积面积最大的河段分布在11.5 ～36.7 km处,右岸堆积面积最大的河段分布在61.5～73.1 km处;②1973-2015年黄河乌兰布和沙漠段堆积与侵蚀总面积分别为82.73 km2和5.28 km2,其中1973-1989、1989-2000、2000-2005、2005-2008、2008-2010年和2010-2015年各时期的堆积速率分别为1.52 km2·a-1、2.36kim2·a-1、3.70km2 ·a-1、2.45 km2 ·a-1、1.22 km2·a-1和0.84 km2·a-1.黄河乌兰布和沙漠段整体呈现淤积状态,河道萎缩并向右迁移;③随着石嘴山水文站年均径流量的增大,河岸堆积速率呈逐渐降低趋势,而侵蚀速率变化趋势则正好相反.该研究有利于了解黄河上游沙漠宽谷河段的河道演变特征,为沙漠地区植被恢复及当地环境的治理提供理论依据.     

基于克里金插值的耕地表层土壤有机质空间预测

基于环境变量与耕地表层土壤有机质的相关分析,分别采用普通克里金(OK)、逐步回归克里金(SWRK)和地理加权回归克里金(GWRK),对吉林省扶余市耕地表层土壤有机质进行了空间预测。结果表明:扶余市耕地表层土壤有机质分布存在中等空间自相关性,受资源开发、耕作方式等随机因素影响较小;受曲率和植被长势影响大,受一阶微观地形、复合宏观地形及汇流和沉积物运移影响小;在海拔高、植被少且土壤水分不足的阳面通风山丘区含量低;空间分布以西南部为低值中心向四周升高,高值区出现在东部边界。GWRK中环境变量参与了局部回归,其模拟精度最高且揭示了更多空间变化细节。本研究的结果可为较大空间尺度的耕地表层土壤有机质空间变异与预测研究提供可靠的方法借鉴。     

抽样技术在森林生物量调查中的应用综述

森林生物量是反映生态系统结构和功能特征的重要指标,也是研究森林生态系统中能量流动与物质循环的基础依据。在满足精度与可靠性的条件下,通过改进样本抽取方法及辅助历史资料,减少抽取样本单元和使样本单元集中是生物量调查要研究的重要问题。生物量空间分布格局是影响调查精度的重要因素,抽样技术是影响调查效率的关键因素,传统等概率抽样在满足规定的精度与可靠性前提下确定的样本单元数仍较多且分散,运用于生物量调查存在局限性。研究适应性抽样技术能基于森林生物量的空间分布格局进行不等概率抽样,能有效提高调查效率,满足不同区域尺度和空间分布特点的生物量估测的实际需要。     

不同肥力水平的土壤紧实度与含水量的相关度分析

为探讨不同肥力条件下土壤紧实度值对含水量的依赖程度,选择质地相同肥力不同的3个田块监测土壤紧实度和实时含水量,分析不同肥力水平土壤的紧实度与含水量的相关程度,揭示不同肥力水平的土壤条件下,土壤紧实度对含水量依赖程度的差异。结果表明：0~25 cm土层范围内,同一田块各土层之间的土壤紧实度对含水量的依赖程度没有显著差异;但在土壤质地相同、肥力条件不同的情况下,土壤含水量对土壤紧实度影响的强弱程度存在明显差异,表现为土壤肥力越低,土壤紧实度对含水量的依赖程度越强。研究表明,在土壤健康评价过程中,当土壤肥力条件较好时,可以适当降低土壤水分对紧实度影响的权重水平,而肥力条件差的土壤,在对土壤紧实度进行拟合时,应充分考虑土壤水分条件的影响。     

Sawing patterns for large-diameter sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) sawlogs: Current status and future outlook

Abstract

A survey was conducted at nine sawmills in Japan to evaluate and compare the sawing of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) logs of 30 cm and more in diameter. The purpose was fourfold: (1) to document sawing patterns appropriate to the large-diameter logs; (2) to examine the composition of wood components (structural, nonstructural, and fixtures) produced from those patterns; (3) to investigate log and product prices; and (4) to ascertain distances to the log supplier and product markets. Impetus for the study arose from a forecasted shift in the diameter distribution of plantation trees in Japan; from small and medium-sized logs to large-diameter logs. With an overabundance of large-diameter domestic logs forecasted within the next decade, the need to understand how to best utilize and effectively process the large-diameter resource is of utmost importance.     

Long-term patterns of microhabitat use by fish in a southern Appalachian stream from 1983 to 1992: effects of hydrologic period, season and fish length

Abstract— We quantified microhabitat use by members of a southern Appalachian stream fish assemblage over a ten-year period that included both floods and droughts. Our study site (37 m in length) encompassed riffle, run and pool habitats. Previous research indicated that species belonged to either benthic or water-column microhabitat guilds. Most species exhibited non-random microhabitat use in all seasons, and benthic and water column species generally were over-represented in the deeper portions of the site. In addition, water column species generally were over-represented in microhabitats with lower average velocities. The majority of seasonal shifts in microhabitat use were passive (i. e. correlated with changes in microhabitat availability), whereas, most shifts associated with hydrological periods appeared to be active responses to changing environmental conditions. Most species exhibited length-related shifts in microhabitat use, which were strongly affected by hydrologic period for four of ten species. Microhabitat use patterns of assemblage members appeared to be a consequence of species-specific responses to changing environmental conditions. The highly flexible patterns of microhabitat use exhibited by these species necessitate that decisions regarding their management be based on data covering a range of environmental conditions.