牙鲆脑垂体早期发育的组织学观察

垂体作为鱼类最重要的内分泌器官之一,在生长、发育、生殖以及其他一些内分泌相关生理活动中起重要作用。作者采用组织学方法观察了牙鲆的脑垂体发生,对不同发育时期的腺垂体细胞进行了初步鉴定。结果表明,孵化后1d仔鱼的间脑下方可见一实心细胞团,于孵化后3d迁移至间脑后方的漏斗体下,与来自漏斗体的神经内分泌细胞及其神经纤维结合共同形成脑垂体,前者形成腺垂体,后者则主要形成神经垂体。孵化后8d腺垂体分为中间部(Pars intermedia,PI)和外侧部(Pars distalis,PD)两部分。孵化后14d腺垂体分化为前外侧部(Rostral pars distalis,RPD)、中外侧部(Proximal pars distalis,PPD)和PI共3部分,为"前后型"脑垂体。稚鱼变态期间及变态完成后的幼鱼,各部分从"前后型"排列开始向"背腹型"排列转变。孵化后14d的牙鲆仔鱼中,PPD细胞多呈强嗜酸性,至变态完成后一直是PPD的主要细胞;PI靠近神经纤维的细胞呈强嗜碱性。孵化后42d的牙鲆幼鱼RPD中,与神经垂体相邻的少量细胞呈嗜碱性,而其下方细胞则呈嗜酸性。根据成体牙鲆激素分泌细胞的染色特征对上述各细胞类型进行了推测。     

牙鲆3个养殖群体遗传结构的微卫星分析

采用微卫星标记分析技术,用5个多态性的微卫星标记对来自3个不同国家（中国、日本和韩国）的牙鲆养殖群体进行了遗传多样性研究。研究结果表明,3个牙鲆群体平均等位基因在4．8～5．6之间,平均观测杂合度（H0）在0．3917～0．5643之间,平均期望杂合度（HE）在0．5981～0．6264之间。有多个位点在不同的群体中偏离哈代-温伯格平衡。遗传距离分析表明,中国群体与日本群体遗传距离最近,韩国群体与日本群体遗传距离最远。分子方差分析（AMOVA）表明,群体内遗传变异与群体间遗传变异分别占总遗传变异的92．44％和7．56％,固定系数（R）为0．0752（P〈0．001）,表明牙鲆3个养殖群体遗传分化显著。     

Can fermented soybean meal and squid by‐product blend be used as fishmeal replacements for Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)?

An experiment was carried out to evaluate fermented soybean meal and squid by‐product blend (1:1) (FP) as replacement of fishmeal (FM) for Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Five isocaloric (19 kJ g^?1) diets were prepared by replacing 0 (FP0), 12 (FP12), 24 (FP24), 36 (FP36) and 48% (FP48) FM protein with FP. Triplicate groups of juveniles (mean weight of 3.9 g) were delivered the test diets for 8 weeks in a flow‐through sea water system. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among the growth rates of fish fed FP0, FP12, FP24 and FP36 diets. Growth and nutrient utilization parameters were significantly reduced in fish fed FP48 diet. Although, whole body proximate composition of fish were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments compared to the control; methionine and phenylalanine contents were significantly decreased in FP48 group. Protein retention was also significantly decreased in the similar group of fish. Dietary treatments did not alter most of the plasma metabolites, while some of the health parameters were improved in the replacement groups. Results suggested that FP is a potential candidate for alternative protein ingredient in aquafeed and can replace 36% FM protein in the diet of Japanese flounder.     

抽屉式生物滤器在漠斑牙鲆循环水养殖中的效果研究

采用自行设计的抽屉式生物滤器应用于漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma)闭合循环水养殖系统,研究其对循环养殖水的处理效果及漠斑牙鲆的增重和饲料利用率的影响。结果表明:经过60 d的循环水养殖,漠斑牙鲆从初始时的(225.4±11.9)g增加到结束时的(337.5±10.3)g,增重率49.97%;试验饲料系数1.06,养殖密度24.1 kg/m3,成活率100%;抽屉式生物滤器对于NH4+-N、NO2--N和COD去除率分别为(10.61±1.88)%、(14.90±3.06)%和(16.11±1.70)%,可满足漠斑牙鲆养殖水体的水质要求。     

Effects of high dose of vitamin A on reproduction and egg quality of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin A on reproduction and egg quality in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . Broodstock were fed experimental pellets containing two levels of vitamin A [11 × 10³ IU/100 g (control diet; CD), 337 × 10³ IU/100 g (experimental diet; ED)] for approximately 2 months before spawning and during the spawning period. Two groups of five females (average weight 1.4 kg) and 10 males (average weight 0.7 kg) were randomly allocated to two 30 m³ indoor tanks. Total egg production of the CD group was slightly higher than the ED group. Percentage of buoyant eggs and hatching rate of the ED group were significantly higher than the CD. In other egg quality parameters, such as percentage abnormal larvae and starvation tolerance of larvae, no notable difference was found between these two groups. At the end of the experiment, the skin color of broodstock in the ED group was darker than that of the CD group. Vitamin A content in eggs of the ED group was significantly higher than that of the CD group. However, the difference in vitamin A content in eggs between the ED and CD groups was much smaller than that in the liver of the females between the two groups. These results indicate that feeding broodstock a higher level of vitamin A increases the vitamin A content in eggs but does not affect egg quality in Japanese flounder because excess dietary vitamin A was stored mainly in the broodstocks' liver.     

营养强化的轮虫、卤虫对牙鲆仔鱼的成活、生长及体脂肪酸组成的影响

用3种营养强化剂强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,研究牙鲆仔鱼的生长、成活、体脂肪酸的组成。结果表明:用强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,成活率、增重均显著高于对照组(p<0 01),其中V号强化剂的效果最好,成活率为29 34%,比对照组提高100%;增重倍数为217 90,比对照组提高68 61%;这是由于V号强化剂强化的卤虫无节幼体体内含有较多的AA的缘故,饵料中AA含量的提高,可以提高牙鲆仔鱼的成活率、促进其生长。牙鲆摄食强化过的轮虫、卤虫无节幼体后,其EPA、DHA、n-3HUFA、PUFA的含量随着饵料中含量的升高而升高,这也是牙鲆仔鱼生长速度和成活率提高的重要因素之一。     

金银花等复方草药对牙鲆生长、消化和免疫能力的影响

将大(394.5～401.8g)、中(283.8～324.3g)、小(94.5～112.3g)3种规格的牙鲆(Paralichthysolivaceus)放养在8个10.0m×10.0m×0.8m水泥池中,投喂含金银花、人参和山楂等中草药的饲料。经28d、56d和83d的饲养表明,摄食含中草药饲料的大、中、小规格鱼的瞬时增重率分别比对照组提高22.4%、18.9%和2.9%(P<0.05);饲料系数分别下降20.77%、4.26%～39.42%和12.14%,饲料转化效率提高3.0%～36.4%、23.53%和11.1%(P<0.05);胃和肠蛋白酶活性分别显著地提高11.66%、13.49%、9.13%和11.3%、16.64%、8.55%(P<0.05);胃和肠淀粉酶活性分别提高2.63%、3.77%、2.31%和6.5%、14.47%、5.54%,但差异不显著(P>0.05);血清溶菌酶和总蛋白含量分别提高12.43%、15.38%～17.31%、14.43%～17.56%和7.07%、5.28%～11.54%和7.82%～8.75%,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);血清SOD活力显著提高9.53%、9.09%和15.14%(P<0.05)。     

南亚热带李新品种‘华蜜大蜜李’

 ‘华蜜大蜜李’是从‘三华李’中选育出来的优良新品种, 果实近圆形, 平均单果质量51.5 g, 可溶性固形物含量9%～11% , 酸甜味浓, 肉质软溶, 丰产稳产, 是‘三华李’中的大果品种, 适合于南亚热带山区栽培。在广东6月中下旬果实红熟。     

牙鲆5个养殖群体的遗传多样性分析

利用16对微卫星分子标记对牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）的5个养殖群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,等位基因数为2-9个,平均等位基因数为6．0625;有效等位基因数1．2596-5．5161,平均有效等位基因数3．692;各位点的杂合度观测值（Ho）0．2200-0．8000;杂合度期望值（He）0．2061-0．8187。各群体之间无偏倚杂合度期望值从小到大依次为丹东、北戴河、威海、青岛、荣成。Kruskal-Wallis检验结果（H=0．672,df=4,P=0．955）则说明,5个群体遗传多样性差异不显著。群体间基因分化系数（Gs,）为0．0991,各群体之间存在中度遗传分化。采用UPGMA法对5个群体进行聚类,可分3类：丹东和北戴河各为一类,威海、荣成、青岛为一类,其中威海与荣成群体的分化最小。结合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,拟合度检验和遗传偏离指数（动的分析结果表明,各群体的遗传平衡状况存在很大差别。遗传变异的分析结果说明5群体遗传多样性比较丰富。     

盐碱地低盐水池塘网箱套养漠斑牙鲆技术研究

根据漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma)适广温、广盐和较强的抗逆性等优良生态习性,采用地下卤水、盐碱地渗水,通过合理淡水配兑使其适合漠斑牙鲆生理生长需求,在我国中纬度地区利用盐碱地低盐水养殖过洋、暖温性漠斑牙鲆。2004-2005年,利用盐碱地低盐水池塘虾池设置网箱套养漠斑牙鲆349.5m2,产鱼3.749t,产虾55.065t,其中2005年虾池设置网箱套养漠斑牙鲆306m2,产鱼3.245t,平均10.6kg/m2,平均全长34.0cm,体重527.4g,养殖成活率为90.5%,产虾49.003t,平均408.4kg/亩,平均规格11.9cm,养殖成活率为71.23%。虾池设置网箱套养漠斑牙鲆,可充分利用水体空间,促使池塘高产高效,提高养殖经济效益。