宁南山区日光温室内气温变化规律与最低气温预测

利用宁南山区日光温室内气温和当地气象台站的常规气象观测资料,开展了温室内气温的变化特征和温室内最低气温预测方法研究。结果表明,不同天气条件下的温室内气温日变化规律存在明显差异;温室内的日最高气温时间分 布较为集中,主要出现在每日的12∶00—14∶00,而日最低气温主要出现在每日的7∶00—9∶00;温室内、外的最低气温呈现明显的线性关系,据此建立了温室内最低气温的线性回归方程,历史回代检验表明方程的预报绝对误差均在4℃以内,在2℃以内的占总数的80%以上,精度较好。     

Optimal dietary taurine level for growth of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

The requirement for taurine in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was determined by feeding diets containing various levels of taurine and cystine. Test diets supplemented with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of taurine or with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of L -cystine were prepared. The basal diet contained 55% protein from white fish meal. These diets were fed to juvenile Japanese flounder with an initial mean bodyweight of 0.9 g (total length (TL) 48 mm) for 5 weeks. Approximately 1.4% taurine content in the diet was required for optimum growth of juvenile flounder. A positive linear relationship was noted between the content of taurine accumulated in the muscle, liver and brain and the level of taurine in the diet. However, there was no increased taurine content in tissues of fish fed the cystine-supplemented diet. In contrast, the fish fed control and cystine-supplemented diets showed higher contents of cystathionine in the tissues. The concentration of cystathionine in tissues rapidly decreased with an increase of taurine in the diet. It was also observed that for each of the dietary groups, a trace amount of taurine was excreted. These results suggest that the taurine content in the diet affects the sulfur amino acid metabolism of juvenile Japanese flounder, and indicate that juvenile flounder are unable to biosynthesize taurine from cystine.     

牙鲆脑中促性腺激素释放激素受体的克隆和鉴定

GnRH（gonadotropin-releasing hormone）是下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴中重要的十肽信息分子，在所有的脊椎动物的生殖神经内分泌调控中具有重要的作用。GnRH成熟的十肽沿着轴突被运送到下丘脑正中隆起（median eminence）末端，然后进入下丘脑垂体门脉循环（hypothalamo hypophyseal portal circulation）（四足动物）或直接通过轴突末梢（大多数硬骨鱼）把信号传递给刺激性腺的细胞，与特异性受体结合，刺激促性腺激素（GtHs，gonadotropins）的合成与释放，参与脊椎动物繁殖的起始和维持正常生殖功能。伴随着GnRH的研究，研究者对鱼类GnRH受体的研究也越来越感兴趣，牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）是中国重要的海水养殖鱼类，本研究从牙鲆脑组织中克隆得到全长的Type Ⅰ GnRH受体，并对其组织特异性表达作了分析，为牙鲆的神经生殖内分泌研究奠定了一定的基础。 在本研究中，以海水养殖牙鲆为材料，从牙鲆脑组织中采用巢式PCR、5′-和3′-RACE技术克隆得到了1671bp牙鲆促性腺激素释放激素受体（GnRH-R）全长cDNA序列，包括147bp的5′-UTR、1248bp的开放阅读框和276bp的3′-UTR，GenBank登录号是DQ011872。牙鲆GnRH-R和其他物种GnRH-R的氨基酸序列的多序列比对结果显示，其存在许多保守的特征，牙鲆GnRH-R显示有3个主要的功能区域：1个N端胞外结构域（1～44个氨基酸残基）、1个大的跨膜结构域（45～324个氨基酸残基）和1个C端细胞质区域（325～415个氨基酸残基）。空间结构预测显示牙鲆GnRH-R跨膜区域包含7个高度保守的跨膜α螺旋（45—64、76—95、114—135、156—176、207—224、267—286、305—324），这些α螺旋是受体锚定到细胞膜上必需的。 氨基酸序列系统进化分析表明，牙鲆GnRH-R与琥珀鱼GnRH-R1具有高度同源性（85％同源性）。已知的硬骨鱼GnRH—R基因的系统进化分析表明，存在两种类型的GnRH-R基因：Type Ⅰ GnRH—R和Tpye Ⅱ GnRH-R基因。在牙鲆GnRH—R的氨基酸序列中，具有Type Ⅰ GnRH—R共有的典型基序：CAFVT（TMⅢ）和DlLEGKVSHSLTH（TMⅦ开始的序列处），表明克隆得到的牙鲆GnRH-R属于Type Ⅰ GnRH—R。 GnRH-R跨膜α螺旋之间的区域形成了胞内或胞外loops，这些区域参与受体信号转导和肽选择性功能上。牙鲆GnRH-R在TMⅢ的细胞质边界处具有一个保守的DRQSA／（DRXXXI／V）基序，这个基序被认为参与G蛋白偶联信号转导和GnRH肽诱导受体的激活；另一个保守的区域是位于TMⅦ内的NPXXY或DPXXY基序同样存在于牙鲆中（DPVIY），这个基序参与到一些GPCRs（包括GnRH-R）的内在化（internalization），同时这个基序特别是基序中的Tyr残基对于受体激活和信号转导起到关键作用。在第三个胞内loop中，鱼类GnRH—R有个保守的Ala残基（在牙鲆中为Ala^250），其也在G蛋白偶联和受体内在化方面具有重要作用。 在哺乳动物或非哺乳动物GnRH-R中，在第一个和第二个胞外loop之间由2个Cys形成1个保守二硫桥，是受体的正确折叠必需的。和其他的GnRH-R一样，牙鲆GnRH-R在第一个和第二个胞外loop之间存在由2个Cys（Cys^112和Cys^190）可以形成的潜在的二硫桥。这个二硫桥的完全缺失将会影响受体的结构完整性和降低鱼类GnRH—R对GnRH肽的选择性。 GnRH-Rs的NH2-末端区域不是很保守，但含有糖基化位点，是GnRH—Rs表达、GnRH—Rs穿梭到细胞胞表面或受体稳定必需的。将mouse的GnRH—R糖基化位点引进到人GnRH-R中，可以增加受体的数量，但不影响受体结合力或肽选择性。牙鲆Type Ⅰ GnRH—R中在NH2-末端含有3个潜在的糖基化位点（N^11SSW、N^15GSS和N^22WTA），此外，在第一个胞外loop和第二个胞外loop中分别存在1个糖基化位点（N^100ITV和N^178VTI），牙鲆Type Ⅰ GnRH—R含有的糖基化位点比哺乳动物要多，牙鲆糖基化位点的数目是否／怎样影响牙鲆GnRH-R的表达、降解率或亲和力，应该进一步研究。 在牙鲆GnRH-R的第一个胞内Ioop中，存在1个和tGnRH-R Ⅲ基序（^80KRKSH^84）一致的基序（^69KRKSH^74），这个基序是Gs识别基序（BBXXB，B代表碱性氨基酸，X代表任何一种氨基酸）。已经证明这个基序和cAMP产生相关，cGnRH-Ⅱ能通过cAMP-PKA途径提高stbGnRH-R在COS7细胞中的活性。 和其他非哺乳动物GnRH-Rs相似，牙鲆GnRH-R含有1个C-末端细胞内尾巴。这种胞内尾巴是鱼类GnRH-Rs功能必需的，在第三个胞内loop中，牙鲆GnRH-R含有2个PKC磷酸化位点（^233SKR^235和^262TLK^264）；在C端尾巴中，存在1个PKC磷酸化位点（^402TAR^404）。牙鲆GnRH-RC-末端尾巴中含有鱼类GnRH-R具有的Src同源区3（SH3）结合区域（PxxP序列）（^340PPAP），能够潜在地传送偶联的能力到丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPKs），GnRH通过PKC和PKA调控GtHα和LHβ转录，二者都集中于MAPK水平。 RT—PCR分析表明，GnRH-R在牙鲆脑和垂体有表达，暗示牙鲆GnRH-R参与到生殖行为如产卵行为；RT-PCR也检测到牙鲆GnRH-R在卵巢和睾丸中有表达，其能与牙鲆cGnRH-Ⅱ和sbGnRH在卵巢中共表达，GnRH肽在卵巢中具有自分泌／旁分泌功能，对牙鲆卵巢中的GnRH受体可能起到调控作用。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：536—546]     

Prevalence and different characteristics of two serotypes of Streptococcus parauberis isolated from the farmed olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel), in Korea

The prevalence of two serotypes of Streptococcus parauberis isolated from the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, was evaluated in a total of 29 isolates between 2003 and 2010 in Korea. Streptococcus parauberis isolates were divided into two serologically distinct types (serotype 1 and serotype 2), except for one strain (S1091), using an agglutination assay with rabbit antiserum, and serotype 1 was identified as the dominant type (24 of 29 isolates) in this study. To identify the characteristics of the two serotypes of S. parauberis, we conducted a biochemical test using the API 20 Strep kit, a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) assay, sequence analysis of 16S‐23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) and a pathogenicity test. In TEM, both serotypes possessed polysaccharide capsule layers around the cell surface when bacterial cells were treated with a homologous serotype of rabbit antiserum. However, we were unable to discriminate serotype‐specific biochemical characteristics and genetic characteristics of 16S‐23S rRNA ISR between the two serotypes. In the pathogenicity test, the serotype 1 strains induced significantly higher mortality than the serotype 2 strains in olive flounder when experimentally inoculated via the intraperitoneal route.     

Effect of taurine supplemented practical diet on growth performance and taurine contents in whole body and tissues of juvenile Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   The effect of dietary taurine on juvenile Japanese flounder was determined by feeding three taurine-supplemented experimental diets (TAU) and a commercial diet (CD) to evaluate a practical diet for juvenile Japanese flounder. Juvenile Japanese flounder were reared on the three experimental diets supplemented with taurine at 0, 0.5, 1.0% and CD. These diets were fed to juvenile Japanese flounder of an initial mean body weight of 0.2 g for 6 weeks at 20°C and the taurine contents of the whole body and tissues were analyzed. The final average body weight of juvenile Japanese flounder fed the 1.0% TAU was significantly higher than that of the other groups. Taurine contents in the whole body and tissues increased with the increase in dietary taurine level. These results indicate that juvenile Japanese flounder require at least 15 mg/g taurine in the diet, even though a combined mix of fish, krill and squid meal was the main protein source in the experimental diets.     

Detection of antigenic proteins expressed by lymphocystis virus as vaccine candidates in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel)

Although the major capsid proteins (MCPs) of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) have been characterized, little is known about the host-derived immune response to MCPs and other LCDV antigenic proteins. To identify antigenic proteins of LCDV that could be used as vaccine candidates in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, we analysed the viral proteins responsible for its virulence by applying immuno-proteomics. LCDV proteins were separated by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis, transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and probed with homogeneous P. olivaceus antisera elicited by LCDV natural infection and vaccination with formalin-killed LCDV. Four immune-reactive proteins were obtained at 68-, 51-, 41- and 21 kDa using antisera collected from natural infection while two proteins at 51- and 21 kDa exhibited response to antisera from vaccinated fish, indicating that the latter two proteins have vaccine potential. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nanoelectrospray MS/MS, the 51 and 21 kDa proteins were identified as MCP and an unknown protein, respectively.     

Influences of feeding frequency of extruded pellet and moist pellet on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> in suboptimal water temperatures

This study was carried out to investigate the influences of feeding frequency of extruded pellet and moist pellet on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder (initial mean weight 6.3 g) in sub optimal water temperatures. A 2 (diets: extruded pellet and moist pellet)×2 (feeding frequencies: two and three times daily)×2 (water temperatures: 12 and 17°C) factorial design with three replications was used. After 60 days of feeding, the feeding frequency did not significantly affect growth performance of fish. Weight gain, daily feed intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fish reared at the higher water temperature. At the same water temperature, weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fish fed the extruded pellet than moist pellet. The results of this study indicate that feeding frequency of two times daily is sufficient for optimal growth of juvenile flounder when reared in suboptimal water temperatures, and an increase in water temperature from 12 to 17°C improved growth and feed efficiency.     

Efficacy of Sarafloxacin Hydrochloride in Treating Naturally-Induced Edwardsiella ictaluri Infections in Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus

Sarafin (sarafloxacin hydrochloride), a new antibacterial, was evaluated in the field on a naturally induced infection of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish, -Ictalurus punctatus. Healthy channel catfish (mean weight = 50 g) were stocked into nine cages at 200 fish per cage in a pond with an undergoing E. ictaluri infection. Seven days after stocking, dead fish were observed in the cages with clinical signs of enteric septicemia of channel catfish (ESC). After E. ictaluri was confirmed through isolative biochemical tests, medicated feed was applied for five consecutive days. During this period, fish in three control cages received a commercial 32% protein floating feed, three other cages of fish served as positive controls and were fed Romet, and three cages received the test feed with Sarafin. Both medicated feeds reduced the increase in cumulative percent mortality. In the control cages, cumulative percent mortalities continued to increase throughout the study period. Average daily mortality rates were significantly lower following both treatments of medicated feed, and treatments receiving Sarafin showed the greatest reduction in average daily mortality rates. Average daily mortality rates in the control did not change after the medicated feeding period. Toward the end of the study, temperatures reached 30°C, above the active range of ESC infections, and all mortalities ceased.     

皖南花猪ESR基因与产仔数的遗传相关性研究

用PCR-RFLPs法,研究皖南花猪ESR基因与产仔数之间的关系,实验通过对ESR基因型多态性检测,并以皖南花猪这一特有品种猪进行遗传分析,为今后该猪的选育工作提供理论依据和现实指导意义。     

闽南沿海沙质地区希蒙得木的引种

引种试验表明:希蒙得木在闽南沿海温暖潮湿的沙质地区不论原种或子代都生长良好、能自然开花结果,物候期及生长规律表达稳定,种子含油量及品质与原产地基本一致,引种试验成功;但由于病虫害等原因,希蒙得木在引种点无人为管理的情况下无法自然生存。沙地良好的通透性和林地良好的排水性是希蒙得木能承受当地高达1325mm年降雨量的主要原因,也是希蒙得木在闽南沿海沙质地区引种成功的主导因子;希蒙得木在引种点的耐旱性不强,旱季浇水有助于植株生长。