Pharmacokinetics of sodium baicalin following intravenous and intramuscular administration to piglets

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of baicalin after intravenous and intramuscular administration of sodium baicalin at 50 mg/kg to piglets. Plasma baicalin levels were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The plasma concentration–time data of baicalin for both administration routes were best described by two‐compartmental open model. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve and the elimination half‐lives were 77.47 ± 6.14 µg/ml × h and 1.73 ± 0.16 hr for intravenous and 64.85 ± 5.67 µg/ml × h and 2.42 ± 0.15 hr for intramuscular administration, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution and body clearance were 1.63 ± 0.23 L/kg and 2.74 ± 0.30 L h^?1 kg^?1 for intravenous and 0.51 ± 0.10 L/kg and 0.78 ± 0.08 L h^?1 kg^?1 for intramuscular routes, respectively. An intramuscular injection of sodium baicalin in piglets resulted in rapid and complete absorption, with a mean maximal plasma concentration of 77.28 ± 7.40 µg/ml at 0.17 hr and a high absolute bioavailability of 83.73 ± 5.53%.     

Salinity an Environmental “Filter” Selecting for Plant Invasiveness? Evidence from Indigenous Lepidium alyssoides on Chihuahuan Desert Shrublands

A better understanding of site-specific factors such as soil salinity that regulate plant invasions is needed. We conducted a 3-mo greenhouse study to evaluate the salinity responses of three local maternal sources of Lepidium alyssoides, which is an indigenous species shown to aggressively colonize disturbed shrubland sites in the southwestern United States, including those affected by high salinity and sodicity. Results indicated that there were little or no population effects on plant evapotranspiration (ET), growth, and tissue Na and Cl concentrations. Significant reductions in seedling growth and ET were largely independent of various isosmotic saline irrigation solutions that included NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and CaCl₂, each at ? 0.1 MPa and ? 0.2 MPa, suggesting that ET and growth were controlled by solution osmotic potential. The combined Na and Cl concentrations in leaves were 9–10% of dry weight with no visible sign of injury. However, increasing leaf mortality and abscission as a proportion of total leaf production was observed in the high-salt treatments (? 0.2 MPa), with a combined Na and Cl concentration reaching 16% with high NaCl. Under saline conditions, considerable foliage salt loads of this species could deposit high-salt litter to potentially alter a landscape to its own favor and to the detriment of other salt-sensitive species. Results of this study add to a limited quantitative database on site-specific salinity factors governing plant invasions by showing the potential for these populations to behave invasively under saline conditions and, thus, potential for soil salinity assessment to predict incipient populations. However, due to its halophytic traits and indigenous status, L. alyssoides may alternatively provide ecosystem services to salinized shrublands of the arid and semiarid southwestern United States.     

论缓解我国钾源短缺问题的新对策

本文针对我国钾源短缺的国情,分析了夺取作物高产的传统对策。根据国内外植物营养遗传生理学的研究进展,提出了充分利用我国丰富的种质资源,运用现代遗传育种技术,选育和推广耐低钾优良品种是缓解我国钾源短缺问题的最好途径之一。并根据钾素生理功能的特点,提出了用钙钠等部分替代钾的可能性。     

米糠植酸钠的制取及其产物分析

在综合研究了萃取剂,萃取温度及震荡时间等条件的基础上,经过萃取,超滤,沉淀等步骤从米糠中制备得到植酸钠粗品,并对其组分进行了分析;然后通过脱蛋白、离子交换树脂分离与吸附和诱导结晶等过程获得了植酸钠结晶纯品。用离子色谱,等离子光谱等的测试证明其纯度与国外标准品水平相当。用红外光谱和核磁共振对制备的植酸钠结晶纯品的结构进行了比较鉴定。     

五氯酚钠对克氏原螯虾急性毒性试验

采用室内试验研究方法,研究了五氯酚钠(PCP-Na)对2种规格的克氏原螯虾的急性毒性,并求出相应的安全浓度,结合人体PCP负荷相关指数(允许摄取的理论值),做出对人的食品安全评价。结果表明,体重在1.2～2.3g(平均体重为1.38g)左右的小虾的TLm24=80mg·kg-1,TLm48=67.5mg·kg-1,安全浓度为14.46mg·kg-1;体重在20.7～39.8g(平均体重为29.5g)左右的大虾的TLm24=750mg·kg-1,TLm48=500mg·kg-1,安全浓度为100mg·kg-1。     

模拟污灌条件下土壤碱度和石膏施用对营养元素动态变化的影响

通过室内土柱淋洗试验,研究了污灌条件下土壤碱度和石膏施用对土壤中营养元素动态变化的影响。结果显示,施用石膏可使碱性土壤淋出液的pH值降低至与非碱性土壤的相似,由此引起的土壤盐分增加现象在经过大约15个孔隙体积(PV)水量的淋洗后基本消失。污水中较多的Ca导致在污灌情况下为改良碱土而施用的石膏不能充分发挥作用。土壤中Na离子的存在影响作物对营养元素的利用。污灌条件下Mg、K和P在土壤中累积,灌溉污水中的53.1%￣78.7%的Mg、33.4%￣58.1%的K以及32.7%￣95.5%的P被吸持在土壤中。Mg和P在碱性土壤中的累积程度明显地大于非碱性土壤,施用石膏明显地减小了K和P,但增大了Mg在碱性土壤中的累积程度。B在非碱性土壤中轻微淋溶而在碱性土壤(不论石膏施用与否)中累积。经过19￣23PV的污水淋洗后,碱性土壤中的B含量增大了14倍左右,而在施用石膏后其含量只增大了68.4%,石膏的施用显著地减小了碱性土壤中B的累积程度。B元素在碱性土壤中的累积是影响试验用污水长期灌溉应用的关键因素。     

复杂基质的食品中甜蜜素的检测方法

介绍了一种复杂基质的食品中甜蜜素的快速气相色谱检测方法(GC-FID)。样品通过水提取后离心,用正己烷对提取液进行净化。取25 mL水相,先后加入5 mL 50 g/L的亚硝酸钠和5 mL 100 g/L的硫酸,密闭冰浴衍生0.5 h。经GC/MS定性,最终衍生产物为环己烷亚硝酸酯。对于10 g样品的检测限为1.5 mg/kg(信噪比>3.0),4个水平添加甜蜜素的回收率,范围为62.55%~106.71%,平均回收率为(80.89±9.63)%,平均变异系数为12.10%。本方法满足复杂样品中的低浓度的甜蜜素监测。     

Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships of DDT-Type Compounds in a Sodium Tail-Current in Crayfish Giant Axons

Effects of DDT-type compounds including 1,1-bis(para-substituted phenyl)-2,2-dichlorocyclopropanes (DCC-series compounds) on sodium currents in crayfish giant axons were measured under voltage-clamp conditions. Variations in the activity to prolong the tail-current that was observed upon step repolarization of the membrane were quantitatively analysed by use of physicochemical parameters of aromatic substituents and regression analysis. Introduction of lengthy and narrow substituents was favourable to the activity. Variations in the activity were parabolically related to the hydrophobicity, optimum value being around that of H. DDT- and prolan-series compounds were 2–3 times more active than DCC-series compounds when other structural factors were the same. Insecticidal activity of the compounds was linearly correlated with the tail-current activity when the hydrophobic factor was separately considered. The insecticidal activity of DDT-series compounds was 2·5 times higher than that of others when the other factors were the same. © 1997 SCI.     

Ontogenic changes in the digestive enzyme patterns and characterization of proteases in Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala

Digestive enzymes of Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) were studied during ontogenic development. Specific amylase activity was detected in first feeding fish. The enzyme activity decreased up to day‐18 and then it increased with the age of fish to reach the highest level on day‐34. Protease activity was 28.61 ± 8.90 mU mg protein^?1 min^?1 on day‐4 and increased with the age throughout the study period. Trypsin activity was 31.86 ± 1.12 mU mg protein^?1 min^?1 on day‐4. The activity decreased up to day‐10 and from day‐12 onwards increased up to day‐26. Chymotrypsin activity was 14.56 ± 2.74 mU mg protein^?1 min^?1on day‐4 and constantly increased up to day‐26. A significant increase in lipase activity was observed between days‐24 and 34. SDS‐PAGE and substrate SDS‐PAGE showed the diversity of protein (17.4–127.8 kDa) and protease activity bands (16.6–88.8 kDa) during ontogenesis. Soybean trypsin inhibitor, phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride, N‐α‐p‐tosyl‐l ‐lysine chloromethylketone and N‐tosyl‐l ‐phenylalanine chloromethylketone inhibited the protease activity up to 79.72–97.21, 65.55–94.83, 45.41–75.31 and 40.78–64.72%, respectively. Inhibition study in substrate SDS‐PAGE revealed the abundance of serine proteases and the presence of isoforms of trypsin and chymotrypsin. Ethylenediamine‐tetraacetate showed 5.56–22.78% inhibition of metal ion‐specific enzyme activity.     

纤维素硫酸钠的相对分子质量与其抗凝血活性的构效关系研究

纤维素硫酸钠(Na-CS)具有突出的抗凝血活性,为了研究相对分子质量(Mw)与其抗凝血活性的构效关系,需要制备具有不同Mw。硫酸酯取代度相同的Na-CS系列类似物。本实验通过酸水解和凝胶过滤一离子交换联合分离的方法获得不同Mw。的Na-CS样品,以此为研究对象,考察了Na-CS的Mw。对其抗凝血效果和对凝血因子抑制作用的影响规律。结果表明,在一定范围内,随着Mw增大,Na-CS对活化部分凝血活酶时间(APPT)和凝血酶时间(TT)的延长作用增强,对凝血因子Ⅱa和Xa的抑制作用提高。