龟纹瓢虫残食同种卵行为的研究

本文初次研究了龟纹瓢虫残食同种卵的行为。结果表明:龟纹瓢虫幼虫和成虫均有明显的残食同种卵行为。初孵幼虫取食2粒卵即可完成一龄发育,但生存时间明显延长。以其卵作食料可完成幼虫发育,但发育历期较慢;成虫残食同种卵则无生殖能力。因此认为,当自然界缺乏猎物时,龟纹瓢虫卵可作为增加它的生存机会及种群延续的一种替换食料。这种残食同种卵行为对于种群自我调节和繁衍有着重要的生物学意义。     

Dualistic feeding pattern of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus,L.) reared under different self‐feeding system conditions

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important cultured species worldwide. The research aims to clarify the feeding characteristics, such as daily feeding pattern of Nile tilapia using a self‐feeding technique. The feeding pattern was conducted under two rearing conditions, indoor treatments under a controlled light regime (LD 12:12) and constant water temperature (25°C), and outdoor treatments under natural conditions which consisted of duplicate trials with two periods each. The outdoor treatment was carried out from early summer through late autumn in Mie, Central Japan. Daily self‐feeding activity of Nile tilapia in indoor treatments was nearly daytime feeding pattern, synchronizing with the given photoperiod (24 hr). However, the self‐feeding activity in the outdoor experiments from early summer to early autumn was almost daytime feeding pattern, but it became less clear and shifted to a nighttime feeding profile in late autumn. The results revealed that Nile tilapia has a dualistic capacity for demand‐feeding both in light and dark phases. These results might have been caused by the seasonal change in light intensity and/or water temperature. Information obtained from the self‐feeding experiments enables us to identify the influence of environmental changes on the physiological condition of farmed fish through their expression of appetite.     

Heavy loads of parasitic freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.) larvae impair foraging,activity and dominance performance in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)

The life cycle of the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) includes a parasitic larval phase (glochidia) on the gills of a salmonid host. Glochidia encystment has been shown to affect both swimming ability and prey capture success of brown trout (Salmo trutta), which suggests possible fitness consequences for host fish. To further investigate the relationship between glochidia encystment and behavioural parameters in brown trout, pairs (n = 14) of wild‐caught trout (infested vs. uninfested) were allowed to drift feed in large stream aquaria and foraging success, activity, agonistic behaviour and fish coloration were observed. No differences were found between infested and uninfested fish except for in coloration, where infested fish were significantly darker than uninfested fish. Glochidia load per fish varied from one to several hundred glochidia, however, and high loads had significant effects on foraging, activity and behaviour. Trout with high glochidia loads captured less prey, were less active and showed more subordinate behaviour than did fish with lower loads. Heavy glochidia loads therefore may negatively influence host fitness due to reduced competitive ability. These findings have implications not only for management of mussel populations in the streams, but also for captive breeding programmes which perhaps should avoid high infestation rates. Thus, low levels of infestation on host fish which do not affect trout behaviour but maintains mussel populations may be optimal in these cases.     

基于双边界二分式CVM的耕地社会价值评价——以重庆市为例

以重庆市为例,采用双边界二分式CVM的logistic模型,从城镇居民支付意愿和农民受偿意愿2个角度考察耕地的社会价值。研究发现,WTP和WTA法下,耕地的社会价值巨大,且呈增长态势;城镇总体支付意愿和农民总体受偿意愿存在较大差距,目前仍需政府采取农业补贴等形式解决耕地外部性问题。     

基于EfficientDet网络的湖羊短时咀嚼行为识别方法

为分析羊进食行为、自动估算其进食量,提出一种从舍饲湖羊采食视频中自动识别其短时咀嚼行为的方法。首先,针对舍饲湖羊采食区域特点,在EfficientDet网络架构中增加目标框筛选模块,检测视频帧中羊嘴张开、上下颌错开及闭合3种状态,根据羊脸与相机拍摄角度的方位关系检测羊嘴状态,并为各状态赋编码值;然后,利用正则表达式提取连续视频帧中的一次上下颌张合对应的羊嘴状态编码值序列片段;最后,针对羊侧脸面对相机咀嚼、抬头正脸面对相机咀嚼、低头正脸面对相机咀嚼以及鸣叫等一次上下颌张合动作对应的羊嘴状态编码值序列片段构建分类规则,实现短时咀嚼行为的自动识别。对比了基于EfficientDet-D0~D4、YOLO v5和SSD网络的羊嘴状态检测性能,结果表明,改进的EfficientDet-D1网络能以28.18 f/s的传输速率,获得95.64%和98.84%的羊嘴状态检测精确率和均值平均精确率,优于YOLO v5和SSD网络。利用湖羊采食视频测试EfficientDet-D1网络结合正则表达式的湖羊短时咀嚼行为识别分类规则性能,结果表明,分类规则能以91.42%的自动识别正确率和90.85%的平均正确率直接从视频中提取湖羊短时咀嚼行为发生次数和持续时长。本研究将基于视频的湖羊短时咀嚼行为识别问题转换为羊嘴状态编码值序列分类问题,降低了分类模型的复杂度,为湖羊短时咀嚼行为的自动识别提供了一种新的研究思路。     

县级土地利用总体规划实施评估——以东阳市为例

新一轮土地利用总体规划基于保护耕地和保障建设的理念编制,目前规划处于实施之中。基于社会经济形势变化和土地利用政策调整,有必要对土地利用总体规划指标执行情况和规划与经济发展适应性进行评估,分析规划实施成效和存在问题,为下一步规划实施提供合理建议,以增强土地规划的科学性、适应性和可操作性,充分发挥土地规划的宏观调控和引导作用。该研究对县乡两级土地利用总体规划实施评估工作进行了具体分析,探讨了土地规划评估目的、评估内容、评估方法,最后得出评估结论,并提出规划实施建议。     

巴氏新小绥螨的新特性——捕食植物线虫及其发育繁殖

在实验室条件下评价了巴氏新小绥螨捕食南方根结线虫时的发育和繁殖情况,观察了其捕食行为,并测定了其对几种线虫的捕食量。该螨对线虫的捕食行为可分为猎物的寻找、固定、捕食、清理和静息等步骤,对水稻干尖线虫和南方根结线虫二龄幼虫（Mi-J2）的捕食量显著大于对虫体较大和活动性较强的腐烂茎线虫和自由生活的小杆线虫的捕食量;每头雌螨日捕食Mi-J2不少于25条。以Mi-J2为食的巴氏新小绥螨能发育完成生活史,并具有较强的繁殖能力,其卵期、幼螨期、前若螨期、后若螨期、产卵期、雌螨寿命、平均每头雌螨产卵量和日均产卵量分别为1．1d、0．71d、2．06d、1．98d、22-31d、35．13d、41．08粒和1．85粒,其内禀增长率、周限增长率均大于以腐食酪螨为食的巴氏新小绥螨,而平均世代周期和种群倍增时间均小于后者。     

牦牛夏秋季和冬季各草场牧食行为的研究

2004年8、9和11月份在青海省三角城种羊场夏、秋、冬三季牧场研究了牦牛的昼牧食行为。结果表明:牦牛在夏季草场的昼采食时间最长,平均为(337.45±39.96)min,在秋季和冬季草场的平均昼采食时间分别为(301.82±27.91)min和(304.57±12.24)min。另外,在夏季草场没有观测到牦牛的昼卧息和反刍行为。其主要原因是在夏季草场牛羊放牧压力过大,草地不能为牦牛提供足够的饲草,故牦牛延长采食时间以获取最大量的饲草,因此用于其他行为的时间相对减少。牦牛在秋冬季草场的昼反刍时间分别为(86.22±14.24)min和(53.84±13.93)min,秋季草场高于冬季草场。牦牛在秋季草场的昼站立和游走时间也高于夏季草场和冬季草场。其主要原因是由于秋季草场草产量丰富,质量较好。由于冬季草场气候寒冷,牧草枯黄,质量降低,牦牛的昼卧息时间最长。     

茶与传统社会中的儿童

目前史料中尚没有发现对茶与儿童关系的专门而明确的记载,所以本文从各个方面搜集相关零星的材料,通过对这些材料的系统梳理,尝试以社会学的视角来把握和分析在传统社会中茶与儿童的关系。