论“科学技术是第一生产力”的社会转型效应

指出了邓小平"科学技术是第一生产力"的论断具有深刻的内涵,对于推动我国社会不断发展具有重要的作用。虽然不同的社会时期所凸显的社会问题有所不同,但社会问题的解决都离不开"科学技术是第一生产力"的正确指引。当前我国正处在新中国成立以来的第三次社会转型的关键时期,社会经济结构、文化形态、价值观念等都发生了深刻的变化,社会问题层出不穷,亟需得到妥善解决。立足于当前的社会状况并结合邓小平提出"科学技术是第一生产力"这一阶段的历史经验,重新解读"科学技术是第一生产力"这一思想有助于加快实现社会第三次成功转型,实现自然、社会与人类和谐发展。     

2005—2014年国际原木贸易格局的社会网络分析

采用社会网络分析方法,利用2005—2014年世界120个国家（地区）原木进出口贸易数据,对国际原木贸易网络的网络密度、中心性及核心节点等指标进行计算,对国际原木贸易网络核心—边缘结构进行分析。研究结果表明:国际原木贸易的发展受到世界经济形势和政府原木进出口政策的显著影响;大部分国家（地区）原木贸易伙伴少、贸易量小,只有少数贸易伙伴较多、贸易量大;美国一直是原木进出口贸易的核心国家,德国是后加入的核心国家,属于金砖国家的中国、印度发展迅速,中国在2011年跻身核心国家行列。     

Lepidoptera larvae as food for capercaillie chick (tetrao urogallus): A field experiment

Lepidoptera larvae are important prey for capercaillie chicks {Tetrao urogallus), but utilization varies among habitats. This field experiment investigates the effects of larval feeding behaviour, abundance and the density of bilberry (Vacciniwn myrtillus) on utilization of larvae by a group of four capercaille chicks and also tests whether chick utilization differs between wet and dry coniferous forest. In fenced plots, four hand‐raised chicks were released for a 15 min feeding period. Reduction of geometrid larvae was correlated positively with their abundance but correlated negatively with bilberry density. Geometrids had a much higher predation risk than pyralids and tortricids, probably because they are exposed while feeding, in contrast to pyralids and tortricids. Total reduction of lepidoptera was higher in wet than dry forest, probably due to a higher proportion of geometrid larvae, and lower density of bilberry in the wet forest. The manner of insect feeding and habitat type (e.g. wet and dry forest), which influence bilberry density, therefore may be important factors to consider when assessing or managing habitat quality for capercaillie chicks.     

土壤科学与社会发展简论

指出了土壤在农业生产中起着基础性的作用,土壤科学的发展在人类社会的发展中也起到了重要的作用,它提供给人类生存居所及粮食物品,同时对人类所生存的生态环境条件起到了保障性的作用。就当前土壤科学与社会发展最为密切的三个领域展开了论述,指出了在社会的发展过程中,土壤科学的地位与作用越来越不容忽视,在经济社会发展的过程中,土壤科学的重要性应当进一步引起我们的重视,因为在经济发展过程中对土壤环境的破坏必然会阻碍经济社会的进一步发展,所以我们必须合理利用土壤资源,并不断推动现代土壤科学对社会发展的有益影响。     

The tree tenure factor in agroforestry with particular reference to Africa

Rights over trees are often distinct from rights over land. Tree tenure consists of a bundle of rights over trees and their produce which may be held by different people at different times. These rights include the right to own or inherit trees, the right to plant trees, the right to use trees and tree products, the right to dispose of trees and the right to exclude others from the use of trees and tree products. Factors affecting who had rights include the nature of the tree, the nature of the use and the nature of the person or group. Landowners and tree plants tend to be relatively advantaged in terms of their rights to trees. Those with temporary claims to the land and, in some case, women, tend to be disadvantaged. The implications of tree tenure issues for the design of agroforestry projects are discussed.

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Resumen Los derechos sobre los arboles muchas veces son distintos a los derechos sobre la tierra. La propiedad del arbol consiste en un lote o derechos sobre arboles y sus productos que pueden ser mantenidos por distintas personas en distintos tiempos. Estos derechos incluyen el derecho a poseer o heredar arboles, el derecho a plantar arboles, el derecho a usar arboles y los productos arboreos, el derecho a disponer de los arboles y el derecho a excluir a otros del uso de los arboles y los productos arboreos. Se incluyen en los factores que afectan quienes tienen determinados derechos la naturaleza de los arboles, la naturaleza de su uso y la naturaleza dela persona o grupo. Terratenientes y plantadores de arboles tienden a tener ventajas en terminos de sus derechos sobre los arboles. Aquellos con derechos temporales y en algunos casos las mujeres tienden a estar en desventaja. Aqui se discute la problematica de las implicancias de la tenencia de los arboles para el diseno de proyectos silvo-agropecuarios.

     

Foresters' beliefs about farmers: a priority for social science research in social forestry

This study suggests that one of the most productive (and most neglected) uses of social science research in forestry development projects is to examine foresters' beliefs regarding rural peoples. This suggestion is illustrated with data from the Forestry Planning and Development Project, Pakistan's first nation-wide social forestry project.The operational component of this project, intended to assist small farmers to cultivate trees on their farmlands, ran into immediate difficulties. Many of the foresters involved insisted that small farmers were simply not interested in tree cultivation. A comprehensive base-line study subsequently was carried out to examine the validity of this belief. The results of this study (confirmed by the subsequent experience with the project in the field) varied markedly from the foresters' beliefs.While many of the foresters believed small farmers were opposed to having trees on their farms and would not agree to plant trees under the project, most farmers already had trees on their farms and expressed interest in planting more; while many foresters believed farmers would only be interested in planting large blocks of market-oriented exotics, most farmers requested small plantings of multi-purpose native trees; while many foresters believed farmers would plant trees only for market sale, most farmers requested trees to meet household needs for fuel and timber; and while many foresters did not think that increasing supplies of fuelwood could reduce the burning of dung, all of the evidence provided by the farmers suggested that it would.The disparity between farmer reality and forester belief is attributed to failures on the part of both foresters and social scientists — failure by foresters to distinguish their non-empirical beliefs about farmers from their empirically-based knowledge of trees, and failure by social scientists to recognize the belief systems of foresters as a legitimate and important object of study. Their study comprises three parts: finding out what the foresters think the farmers want, finding out from the farmers what they actually want, and then analyzing and explaining the differences.     

湖南省退耕还林工程社会经济效益调查研究

调查结果显示：①农户家庭总收入和净收入退耕后2004年,分别增长41．54％、62．95％,且退耕后农户家庭收入结构也发生了一定的变化;②农户家庭生活和文化消费总支出退耕后2004年增长率分别为37．28％、51．17％,且退耕后农户家庭的生活和文化消费支出结构也发生了一定的变化;③恩格尔系数退耕后2004年下降了3．56％,说明退耕后农民的生活水平得到了进一步提高;④农户家庭就医率和适龄儿童入学率上升到了退耕后2004年的84.5％、97．8％;⑤生态环境建设在我省干部和农户心目中的地住逐渐提高,说明生态环境建设在我省干部和群众中奠定了坚实的民意基础,产生了较为深远的影响力。     

论深化我国集体林地产权制度的配套改革

我国集体林权制度改革即将全面完成,深化配套制度改革成为当前面临的重要任务。在集体林地产权制度的配套改革方面,应当重构集体林地产权的权利体系,完善行政征用补偿机制和林区社会保障制度,并建立和强化林地利益相关者管理机制。通过配套制度的同步推进,巩固主体改革成果,促进我国林业的可持续发展。     

社会性别视角下的退耕还林工程

介绍了社会性别与林业的国内外研究现状, 利用摩塞的三重角色理论分析了退耕还林对社会性别分工的影响, 提出了退耕还林中存在的相关问题及建议。     

白藤花粉采集时间及萌发条件的初步研究

对白藤开花习性、花粉采集时间及萌发条件进行了初步研究,结果表明：在白藤开花盛期,日开花高峰期集中在早晨4：00～8：00,其中6：00开放的花朵占当日开花总数的62．36％,其他时段开花量极少;上午8：30～11：30收集的花粉萌发力最强;在25％蔗糖液体培养基中和35℃下培养6h,花粉萌发与生长效果最佳。