人为影响下古尔班通古特沙漠小尺度生态环境变化

随着沙漠中油气资源勘探开发、公路建设和重大工程相继实施 ,对生态环境的人为影响日益加深。本文以重大工程实验点为例 ,通过研究对比工程影响区内人工沙垄和自然沙垄的砂质新成土理化性状和植被群落特征 ,指出了沙漠生态环境在人为干扰下发生的一系列变化 ,以及受损生态环境在人们采取积极补救措施的情况下所具有的自然修复能力     

用水户协会管理模式比较与改进对策

发展农民用水户协会,激励农民参与灌溉管理,明确小型水利产权和管护主体。以奥斯特洛姆的多中心治理理论为基础,分析用水户协会管理模式与多中心治理理论原则的耦合性,从自主治理的视角对典型用水户协会管理模式进行比较,分析各种管理模式存在的问题,从多中心治理角度提出完善用水协会多元决策机制和多中心治理结构等改进对策。     

秸秆-粪便属地化微贮制肥工艺参数优化

为解决中小散种养户农业废弃物污染环境、属地化利用率低问题,提出一种因地制宜利用属地秸秆和畜禽粪便进行微贮腐熟工艺生产有机肥或土壤改良剂。以玉米秸秆和牛粪为肥源物料,以种子发芽指数为腐熟效果的检测指标,试验确定肥源物料配比、物料含水率、压缩比、微生物菌剂施用量、腐熟时间关键工艺参数的适宜取值范围,结果表明,肥源物料配比为15%~35%、物料含水率为45%~60%、压缩比为25%~50%,且微生物菌剂施用量临界值为0.5‰、腐熟时间达到24 d时,微贮肥料的腐熟效果较好。通过三元二次回归正交旋转组合试验,分析关键工艺参数对腐熟效果的影响并对参数进行优化,建立了微贮制肥腐熟效果特性参数与各因素之间的回归模型,分析表明,各因素对种子发芽指数的影响主次顺序为:物料含水率>压缩比>肥源物料配比。对优化后工艺参数进行试验验证,确定出最优工艺参数:在施用1.5‰微生物菌剂量、腐熟32 d,物料含水率为60%、压缩比为39.50%、肥源物料配比为23%,微贮肥料种子发芽指数达到96.52%,此条件下生产的腐熟肥料可以达到有机肥国家标准,实现就地、就近、就便利用秸秆和畜禽粪便。该研究结论为属地规模化微贮生产有机肥及配套装备设计提供了理论基础。     

双热源半自动控温甜樱桃促成栽培系统设计与试验

为解决甜樱桃促成栽培产量和质量不稳定的问题,该研究根据甜樱桃促成栽培特点,研制了一种双热源半自动控温甜樱桃促成栽培系统。该系统以煤、柴为燃料的地炕式加热炉为补充加热方式,结合太阳能调控温度。通过与传统大棚比较,分析了该系统对甜樱桃栽培产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明:连续2 a应用甜樱桃促成栽培系统的大棚产量稳定在11 550 kg/hm2以上,优质果率超过80%,年经济效益比普通大棚高37%(2012年)和36%(2013年)。该系统采用半自动测控促成栽培环境,使环境因子的检测和报警实现自动化,明显降低了劳动强度,在甜樱桃促成栽培中推广应用,可取得显著经济效益。     

Management challenges of small-scale fishing communities in a protected reef system of Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico

Abstract  Socioeconomic characterisation of fishing activities in the Veracruz Reef System National Park was used to develop a management system which balances the community's livelihood, and the conservation needs of the protected area. A survey was applied to four sectors of the fishing community: the fishers, fishers' wives, retailers and local population. The survey determined their perceptions about: (1) fishing as a lifestyle; (2) economic alternatives; (3) perspectives about the future; (4) environment; and (5) knowledge of the National Park as a protected area. Fishers devoted an average of 27 years fishing, investing an average of 12 h per day giving a regular income of 15–20 US$. Most interviewed (60%) were full-time fishers, with fishing the only family income source. Fishers are predominately educated to primary school level (64%).The main problem faced by fishers and the communities were economic opportunities but 89% believed that mariculture could be an alternative income source. There was strong ecological awareness, with 75% aware of the decline in fisheries resource and 62% knowing about the role of protected areas. There was divided opinion about future perspectives. Inefficient organisation and communication between authorities and fishers were identified as obstacles to co-management. Discussion on alternative incomes and a proposal involve fishers in co-management initiatives are presented.     

Yield estimation of 1-year-old asparagus grown using rootstock-planting forcing culture

Rootstock-planting forcing culture was developed in asparagus to harvest spears even during the seasons when the plants become dormant, but the demand for them high. In this study, cumulative hours during which the air temperature remained lower than 5°C, i.e. chilling hours (CHs), were calculated to determine dormancy breakage for asparagus cultures. We also measured CIELab colour values for cut stems immediately before rootstock digging, and determined whether they could be substituted and/or compensated for CHs while evaluating asparagus plant productivity in different low-temperature backgrounds, and obtained regression equations for yield estimation. Asparagus seedlings were cultivated in seven different regions across Japan and brought to the study site for harvesting. Our regression equation based on CHs and rootstock weight for yield estimation had relatively high fitness (adjusted R² = 0.5795). The colour values of cut stalks at rootstock digging can also be used to evaluate their productivity. These values can be useful in regions where CHs cannot be determined, although their effectiveness was slightly lower than that of CHs of areas adjacent to the study sites.     

小型无人直升机航向线性自抗扰控制

针对小型无人直升机航向系统存在内部不确定性和外部扰动大的问题,提出了一种基于线性自抗扰控制(LADRC)算法来实现航向通道高性能控制方法。首先,分析和推导了Trex-600型无人直升机的航向模型,并引入阵风模型模拟实际飞行环境。然后,根据LADRC的控制原理设计了基于二阶LADRC的航向控制系统,并利用人工蜂群算法对控制器参数进行了整定。最后,对所设计的控制策略进行了仿真分析与实验验证,实现了无人直升机航向通道的轨迹跟踪控制,并与常见的PID控制进行了比较。结果表明:设计的LADRC控制器鲁棒性好、响应时间快、控制精度高,能够使Trex-600型无人直升机的航向角快速、精确地跟踪参考轨迹。     

葡萄利用结果枝副梢二次结果栽培试验

摘要：在桂林葡萄产区开展利用结果枝副梢促花二次结果的栽培试验,总结在新梢生长期喷多效唑（或矮壮素）、对新梢重度修剪促进冬芽提早萌发是整齐促放葡萄二茬果的关键技术,观测了二茬果果品品质和效益,提出了生产二茬果注意的技术问题。     

福州地区牡丹低温催花初探

以5个牡丹品种为材料在福州地区进行低温催花试验。结果表明:不同牡丹品种解除休眠所需的低温不同;在一定范围内,适当降低处理温度,可相应缩短低温时数;低温的累积过程是解除牡丹休眠的过程。     

蝴蝶兰花芽发育进度与花期调控试验

选择经高山促成栽培的4个蝴蝶兰品种,调查其花芽发育进度。结果表明:当下山时花梗长度小于1 cm的,至春节前4天未现蕾或开花;花梗长度1~7 cm的,能开花但开花数较少,需适当加温;花梗长度10~30 cm的,开花数4~7朵,花期较适宜;花梗长度大于30 cm的,开花数较多,花期偏早,应放置于凉温区间。同时就蝴蝶兰花期调控相关问题进行讨论。