Soil nutrient supply and biomass production in a mixed forest on a skeleton‐rich soil and an adjacent beech forest

In the natural forest communities of Central Europe, beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) predominates in the tree layer over a wide range of soil conditions. An exception with respect to the dominance of beech are skeleton‐rich soils such as screes where up to 10 broad‐leaved trees co‐exist. In such a Tilia‐Fagus‐Fraxinus‐Acer‐Ulmus forest and an adjacent mono‐specific beech forest we compared (1) soil nutrient pools and net nitrogen mineralization rates, (2) leaf nutrient levels, and (3) leaf litter production and stem increment rates in order to evaluate the relationship between soil conditions and tree species composition. In the mixed forest only a small quantity of fine earth was present (35 g l^—1) which was distributed in patches between basalt stones; whereas a significantly higher (P < 0.05) soil quantity (182 g l^—1) was found in the beech forest. In the soil patches of the mixed forest C and N concentrations and also concentrations of exchangeable nutrients (K, Ca, Mg) were significantly higher than in the beech forest. Net N mineralization rates on soil dry weight basis in the mixed forest exceeded those in the beech forest by a factor of 2.6. Due to differences in fine earth and stone contents, the volume related soil K pool and the N mineralization rate were lower in the mixed forest (52 kg N ha^—1 yr^—1, 0—10 cm depth) than in the beech forest (105 kg N ha^—1 yr^—1). The leaf N and K concentrations of the beech trees did not differ significantly between the stands, which suggests that plant nutrition was not impaired. In the mixed forest leaf litter fall (11 %) and the increment rate of stem basal area (52 %) were lower than in the beech forest. Thus, compared with the adjacent beech forest, the mixed forest stand was characterized by a low volume of patchy distributed nutrient‐rich soil, a lower volume related K pool and N mineralization rate, and low rates of stem increment. Together with other factors such as water availability these patterns may contribute to an explanation of the diverse tree species composition on Central European screes.     

保留畜禽脑脊髓附韧带骨架标本制作技术

用“保留畜禽脑脊髓附韧带”技术制作的整体骨架标本保留脑脊髓和关节韧带，不需脱脂、漂白，不必用铁丝穿制，较传统的沤制，煮制方法省时省力，节省资金，即能显著畜禽生态姿势，又能体现骨，关节，韧带标本的完整性。用该技术制作的畜禽整体骨架标本１５ａ未见虫蛀，霉变，散架，变形，无损无缺，色泽逼真，是解剖学骨骼标本制作的１种新方法。     

铜对体外仔猪软骨细胞增殖和细胞骨架的影响

体外分离、培养仔猪关节软骨细胞,在细胞培养液中分别添加铜0、7.8、15.6、31.2、62.5μmol/L。结果表明,软骨细胞在4种铜浓度中可存活并增殖,但随铜浓度的增加,其存活率、增殖率、3H-TdR掺入率有明显的差异,且能破坏软骨细胞骨架。培养液中添加铜31.2μmol/L,对软骨细胞的增殖作用最强,增殖率、3H-TdR掺入数显著高于对照组(P<0.01),软骨细胞形态及骨架均正常。表明31.2μmol/L铜浓度是促进体外软骨细胞增殖的最适浓度。     

普通刺猬的解剖学研究(二) 骨骼

对28只（♀16,♂12）成年普通利猬（Erinaceuseuropaeus）的骨骼标本进行了解剖学研究,结果表明,普通刺猬全身骨骼有316～317枚,其中头骨48枚,脊椎骨43～44杖,椎式为C7T15L6S3Cy12～13,肋骨15对,胸骨5枚,前肢骨每侧47杖,后肢骨每侧48枚。普通刺猬骨骼存在有性别差异并表现出与刺猬生活习性相适应的一些特征。     

家禽弃尸重制骨骼囊腔铸塑干教具的实验探索

本文笔者将解剖实验用后的家禽弃尸重新研制成实用的家禽骨骼囊腔铸塑干教具，不仅解决了实验动物尸体二次污染环境的问题，而且因为教具形态逼真、精细牢固而使解剖教学更形象生动，教学成果显著，同时还节省了很大一笔解剖教学实验经费。     

文昌鱼鳃骨条的透射电镜观察

应用透射电子显微镜观察了文昌鱼（Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense Tchang et Koo)鳃骨条的结构。发现其鳃条骨条横切面的外部,有时可见两个相连的细胞密集区,细胞排列紧密,核质比大。除此之外的基质区,由平均直径28．3nm的粗纤维构成。在该区域的外围,粗纤维与边缘平行排列成薄层。在内部,粗纤维交错排列。而鳃条骨条横切面内部及整个舌条骨条则是由平均直径分别为13．8nm和13．9nm的细纤维构成的。细纤维排列规则,与鳃骨条的长轴平行。且彼此间由横向的细丝状交联连接成为直角的方格结构。两种纤维在形态上与胶原纤维不同。显示文昌鱼的鳃骨条是一种特殊的、非胶原为基质的支持组织。这使得继无颌类七鳃鳗和盲鳗中已发现的至少4种非胶原为基质的软骨家族又增添了新的成员,且文昌鱼鳃骨条与七鳃鳗和盲鳗的非胶原为基质的软骨结构都不相同,提示文昌鱼与无颌类可能有着长期独立的进化历史。     

基于二叉树结构的面状目标主骨架生成算法

按照面状目标的数学定义将其分为简单目标和复连通目标2大类,应用基于Delaunay三角网自动提取骨架技术各类面状目标的主骨架进行提取。结果表明,该算法对目标主骨架的提取效果较好,且内插结果基本符合内插要求。     

赤霉素对黄瓜幼苗在根区亚低温下生长与氮积累的影响

为了探讨赤霉素(GA)对黄瓜在根区亚低温下氮(N)吸收和代谢的影响机理,以营养液栽培的‘中农26’黄瓜为试材,研究了外源GA对黄瓜在根区亚低温下叶片叶绿素荧光参数、光合参数和碳(C)、氮代谢平衡调节酶活性的影响。结果表明:与根区适温处理相比,根区亚低温使黄瓜幼苗生长受抑,叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的光化学活性、光合放氧速率、净光合速率(Pn)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性等降低,单株C与N积累量的比值(C/N)升高,N代谢消耗的能量减少。外源GA处理缓解了根区亚低温对黄瓜生长的抑制,使PSⅡ光化学活性、光合放氧速率、Pn、PEPCase和SPS活性都有不同程度的提高,C/N值和N代谢消耗的能量恢复至与根区适温处理相当的水平。表明,外源GA可以通过增强光能捕获和CO_2同化能力,调节N、C代谢平衡,促进根区亚低温下黄瓜对N的吸收与代谢。     

虚拟花卉植物在可变风场中的运动行为仿真

花卉植物茎、枝、叶和花瓣结构复杂,运动行为仿真成为目前虚拟植物的研究热点之一。该文基于花卉植株的高精度的建模,将动力学理论和弹簧-质点模型应用到虚拟花卉植物跟风力的交互运动仿真中,提出一种实时模拟花卉植物与风场交互的方法。运用多层次反向动力学原理和布料模拟系统原理分别实现了单株花卉植物在风场中自身运动和群落花卉在风场中的整体运动的模拟。可以模拟在球形风场和平面风场中,随风力和风速实时变化的单株或群落花卉植物的运动行为特征,模拟效果逼真自然,具有较强的真实感。该研究可为虚拟植物运动仿真提供参考。     

Anatomy,Morphometry and Radiography in the thoracic limb bones of the Patagonian Huemul Deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus)

The aim of this study was to provide morphometric, anatomic and radiographic data of the thoracic limb bones of the Patagonian Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) including a functional interpretation of this, as a reference for clinical use, biomedical research and teaching purposes. Currently, the Patagonian huemul deer is in danger of becoming extinct due to multiple causes. Research carried out for its conservation has focused mainly on its ecology and pathology, leaving gaps in biological knowledge, which is basic and important for its comprehension. This study was conducted to reveal the gross osteology and radiology features of the thoracic limb bones of the Patagonian huemul deer. The osteological findings suggest the presence of powerful flexor muscles in the scapulohumeral and elbow joints, useful to cushion the jumps. Also, the principal nutrient foramen of Patagonian huemul differs in position with respect to domestic ungulates, which may be important to consider during surgical procedures. Finally, the radiographic data can provide new information about the tissue loading conditions in Patagonian huemul, so that this new knowledge can be of great importance for a better understanding of mechanically induced or adaptive changes in bone produced by habitat or other ecological phenomena.