转盘式对虾开背工艺分析与参数优化

针对目前对虾开背环节工艺不完善、实际应用装备缺乏等问题,以中型南美白对虾为研究对象,探究了对虾开背关键工艺方法,建立了对虾开背过程力学模型,获得影响开背效果主要因素为刀具角度、加工中心盘转速和刀具安置距离;采用单因素试验研究和分析了各因素对开背成功率、虾仁损伤率、虾线裸露成功率和感官评分值的影响,确定影响因素最佳区间为：刀具角度20°~60°、加工中心盘转速10~40r/min和刀具安置距离9~11mm;利用Design-Expert软件进行多因素响应面试验研究分析,并采用多目标优化方法,得到最优参数组合为：刀具角度43.838°、加工中心盘转速28.391r/min、刀具安置距离9.801mm时,开背成功率为99.161%、虾仁损伤率为2.825%、虾线裸露成功率为90.727%、感官评分值为86.944。验证试验结果表明：针对中型南美白对虾,当刀具角度45°、加工中心盘转速28r/min、刀具安置距离9.8mm时,开背成功率为98.89%、虾仁损伤率为3.33%、虾线裸露成功率为87.78%、感官评分值为85.33,与理论优化值的绝对误差均较小,优化后的对虾开背装置性能满足作业要求。研究可为对虾开背工序装置设计和参数选择提供理论基础和科学依据。     

明轮驱动虾塘自主导航投饵船设计与可靠性试验

基于明轮驱动的虾塘投饵船能够适应养殖池塘复杂的环境、满足全塘抛撒的要求,可靠性是其进行推广的关键。采用滚塑工艺设计了全封闭投饵船体,利用免油脂润滑不锈钢链轮和明轮作为驱动机构,以避免对水体的污染,螺旋输送饵料装置可满足船载投饵过程中重心位置稳定的要求,通过GPS+电子罗盘的方式实现了自主导航定位和姿态控制需求。根据虾塘投饵和控制性能要求,进行投饵船直线运动和转弯运动模型的构建,采用PID航向、航速运动控制算法进行巡航路径控制,池塘测试平均速度为0.72m/s,直行和转弯最大偏航量分别为0.8m和0.5m。40d的养殖塘现场试验结果表明,自主导航投饵船在复杂路径下运行平稳,可满足虾塘饵料投喂要求,同时对强风、大雨等恶劣环境进行了可靠性测试,发现并解决了相关问题。     

基于Hertz接触理论的黑水虻幼虫碰撞恢复系数测定

为建立黑水虻幼虫与收集、输送、分离等机械工作部件间发生碰撞时的碰撞模型,基于黑水虻幼虫生物特性,应用Hertz弹性碰撞理论推导了黑水虻幼虫碰撞过程动力学方程,结合运动学方程原理构建了黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的测定装置并进行了黑水虻幼虫恢复系数测定试验。试验针对第5龄期的黑水虻幼虫,采用L₁₆(4⁴×2³)混合正交试验方案研究了碰撞材料、材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向、含水率等因素对黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的影响,然后对碰撞材料、材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向进行单因素试验,并获得了材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角对恢复系数的影响规律与回归方程,且方程的决定系数均不小于0.942 7。试验结果表明,影响黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的因素影响由大到小为:碰撞材料、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向、碰撞材料厚度、含水率,其中含水率对恢复系数影响不显著。单因素试验结果可得:黑水虻幼虫与Q235钢、铝合金、有机玻璃、橡胶等碰撞材料间的恢复系数依次降低,随下落高度的增大而逐渐减小,随材料厚度的增加而逐渐增大,恢复系数随碰撞角的增大而整体呈增大趋势,且横向...     

果内核桃举肢蛾低龄幼虫防治研究初报

核桃是山区主要经济树种之一,由于核桃举肢蛾(Atrijuglous hetaonei yang)的为害,使核桃大幅度减产、变质,甚致绝收。过去的防治目标集中在果外的各个虫态的防治,防止幼虫蛀入果内,一旦蛀入,多采取摘掉或拾毁虫果,减少了当年的收入,或者是刨树盘树上、树下多次喷药防治成虫,有条件的地区可以收到较好的效果。但是核桃多分布在山区,刨树盘难;干高冠大的树不易喷药,加上山区缺水,连续喷药不易做到。为探讨解决这一问题,1988-1991年,我们作了用高压注射机将久效磷注射到树干内,防治果内低龄幼虫的研究。     

桉树尺蠖幼虫不同危害时期施药防治效果比较

桉树尺蠖是闽南地区桉树林中发生最严重的食叶害虫,为控制其危害,确定最佳防治适期,通过采用林间喷洒2％阿维菌素+苏云金杆菌粉剂的方法,比较第1代幼虫危害早期(5月2日)、危害中期(5月13日)和危害后期(5月30日)分别进行防治的效果,结果表明:在第1代尺蠖幼虫危害早期,每667m2使用500 g药剂进行防治,5 d后虫...     

First results on synchrony between seasonal pattern of pheromone trap captures of cotton bollworm, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> and appearance of freshly emerged larvae on developing cobs of corn hybrids

Synchrony between development of five corn hybrid varieties of various seasonal growing rates (FAO numbers), seasonal flight pattern of male cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hb. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), as monitored by pheromone traps, and the subsequent appearance of newly hatched larvae on developing cobs were studied at Mezőhegyes, South-Hungary, in 2003 and 2004. The phenological stages of corn hybrids were evaluated using the Iowa State University Scale (R₁–R₅), the flight of male moths was monitored by large capacity, funnel type of pheromone traps and the appearance of freshly hatched larvae on developing cobs were counted by visual inspection. The synchrony between the flight peak of male moths and the peak apperance of L₁ larvae on cobs was investigated by cross-correlation. In 2003 (average daily temperatures 20.7°C, average daily relative humidity 59.9% for the period of 4–18 July) “DK 391”, “DK 443” and “Maraton” hybrid varieties already reached silking stage (R₁) by the time when pheromone traps indicated a peak, at 7 July (peak capture at 3-day intervals 755.5 males/traps). The number of L₁ larvae peaked on developing cobs of these varieties also at 7 July (7.0, 4.0 and 3.8 larvae/50 cobs, respectively). The synchrony between the flight peak of male moths and the peak appearance of L₁ larvae on cobs was proven (LAG = 0). A rather similar trend was observed in “Vilma” hybrid variety: it reached R₁ stage at 7 July, and L₁ larvae appeared only a few days later (11 July, 3.8 larvae/50 cobs) (LAG = −1). However, “Maxima” hybrid variety reached R₁ stage 1 week later (14 July) than the time of peak captures. Here L₁ larvae peaked as late as at 18 July (0.8 larvae/50 cobs), i.e., only after the cob had reached R₁ stage (LAG = −3). A reverse order of dates of R₁ stage and peak capture was observed in “Maxima” in 2004 (average daily temperatures; 22.5°C, average daily relative humidities 72.6% for the period of 15 July–6 August): it reached R₁ stage at 19 July, while peak trap captures were recorded at 6 August (peak capture at 3-day intervals 20.5 males/traps). L₁ larvae were found in the highest numbers on 2 August (1.5 larvae/50 cobs), practically in synchrony with peak caputres (LAG = 0). “Káma” reached R₁ stage in 16 July, and L₁ larvae peaked at 2 August (1.3 larvae/50 cobs) (LAG = 0). On the rest of the corn varieties larvae were found only in too numbers for performing statistical analysis. We conclude that in order to predict the appearance of L₁ larvae, the phenological stage of the corn variety and the seasonal flight pattern of moths, as measured by large capacity pheromone traps, should be considered in combination. If the corn variety already reached R₁ stage, L₁ larvae appear on cobs as early as the time of peak flight of moths. However, no young larvae appear on cobs despite of high trap captures, until the corn reaches the R₁ stage. These findings are discussed in the view of specifying optimal timing of a pesticide application.     

Bioactive plants from Argentina and Bolivia

Antibacterial and molluscicidal activities of methanol and chloroform extracts of 16 plant species belonging to the families Compositae and Melastomataceae were evaluated. The chloroform extract of Vernonanthura tweediana and the methanol extract of Senecio santelisis resulted to be very toxic to brine shrimp nauplii (LC(50)=1 microg/ml). Chloroform extracts of S. santelisis and Senecio leucostachys as well as the methanol extract of Wedelia subvaginata displayed molluscicidal effects on Biomphalaria peregrina showing LC(100)<100 microg/ml. Moderate antibacterial action was produced by the chloroform extracts of Flaveria bidentis, Grindelia scorzonerifolia and Vernonia incana against two strains of Staphylococcus aureus.     

一种桔小实蝇幼虫人工饲料的配制

以豆渣、麦胚、酵母粉、蔗糖为主要原料,配制成桔小实蝇幼虫人工饲料,与天然饲料(水果)和现常用的人工配方饲料进行饲养试验,测定采用3种饲料饲养的桔小实蝇的卵孵化率、化蛹率及羽化率。结果表明,以豆渣为主要原料的人工饲料配制成本低廉,饲养效果接近天然饲料。     

应用长效微胶囊药剂地面封闭法防控黄脊竹蝗研究

通过应用3%高效氯氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂30倍、40倍、50倍稀释液,用背负式机动喷雾机针对1.5m以下竹干和地面进行低容量喷雾,来对黄脊竹蝗进行防治试验,结果表明:低容量喷雾后,形成从竹干到地面的药剂封闭层,杀灭初孵跳蝻,药后30d对黄脊竹蝗防效分别为97.3%、92.6%、81.1%,表现出良好的持效性和防治效果。     

Lepidoptera larvae as food for capercaillie chick (tetrao urogallus): A field experiment

Lepidoptera larvae are important prey for capercaillie chicks {Tetrao urogallus), but utilization varies among habitats. This field experiment investigates the effects of larval feeding behaviour, abundance and the density of bilberry (Vacciniwn myrtillus) on utilization of larvae by a group of four capercaille chicks and also tests whether chick utilization differs between wet and dry coniferous forest. In fenced plots, four hand‐raised chicks were released for a 15 min feeding period. Reduction of geometrid larvae was correlated positively with their abundance but correlated negatively with bilberry density. Geometrids had a much higher predation risk than pyralids and tortricids, probably because they are exposed while feeding, in contrast to pyralids and tortricids. Total reduction of lepidoptera was higher in wet than dry forest, probably due to a higher proportion of geometrid larvae, and lower density of bilberry in the wet forest. The manner of insect feeding and habitat type (e.g. wet and dry forest), which influence bilberry density, therefore may be important factors to consider when assessing or managing habitat quality for capercaillie chicks.