Reproductive cycle of yellow sea bream <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dentex tumifrons</Emphasis> in Wakasa Bay,the Sea of Japan off central Honshu

ABSTRACT:   To determine the spawning season and reproductive cycle of the yellow sea bream, Dentex tumifrons , in Wakasa Bay, in the Sea of Japan off central Honshu, seasonal change in the gonadosomatic index ( GSI ) was examined and histological observations of both ovaries and testes were conducted. The female GSI gradually increased from May, maintained a high level between August and October and then rapidly decreased. The histological observations of the ovary showed that vitellogenesis began from May and developed until September. Spent fish began to be observed in October and all the fish collected in December were spent. There was only one peak in the seasonal change in GSI of males and females in Wakasa Bay. Thus, yellow sea bream spawn only in autumn in Wakasa Bay. Differences in the reproductive cycle and number of spawning seasons were found between the two different latitudinal areas, Wakasa Bay and the East China Sea (low latitudinal area) where the spawning seasons were spring and autumn. An increase in water temperature is an important factor to initiate gonadal maturation (recrudescence) and is terminated by the short day-length in Wakasa Bay.     

Dietary lipid influences gonadal maturation,digestive enzymes and serum biochemical indices of Cyprinus carpio reared in biofloc system

An experiment was conducted for 120 days to evaluate optimum dietary lipid requirements for gonadal maturation of Cyprinus carpio fed with varying dietary lipid levels under biofloc‐based systems (BFT). About 180 fingerlings (22 g ± 0.05) were randomly distributed in 15 tanks (300 L) at the rate of 48 no./m² and fed with varying lipid levels (T1—4% lipid with BFT, T2—6% lipid with BFT, T3—8% lipid with BFT, T4—10% lipid with BFT, control—10% lipid without BFT). The C/N ratio of 20:1 was maintained using tapioca flour as carbon source. Biofloc units supplemented with 8% dietary lipid (T3) showed advanced maturation in terms of absolute fecundity (9,913 ± 7.62), relative fecundity (229.0/g ± 11.92), gonadosomatic index (24.47% ± 1.27), hepatosomatic index (1.97% ± 0.07), condition factor (0.02 g/cm³ ± 0.00) compared with control (clear water with 10% lipid) (p < .05). Histological observations of gonads also revealed that the biofloc groups with supplementation of 8% dietary lipid promoted gonadal maturation for female oocyte and 6% dietary lipid promoted maturation for males, compared with control (clear water with 10% lipid). The results obtained in this experiment elucidate that the biofloc improves gonadal maturation of common carp broodstock at a dietary supplementation with 8% lipid compared with conventional system of broodstock management.     

牛卵母细胞体外成熟技术研究进展

牛卵母细胞体外成熟是一项重要的繁殖生物技术,但是由于卵母细胞没有经历体内促黄体激素（LH）峰启动前的生长过程及生物事件干扰了胞质成熟,导致体外发育能力低于体内成熟的卵母细胞。卵母细胞成熟过程复杂,涉及细胞核、细胞质及分子成熟。牛卵母细胞体外成熟受多种因素影响,其中包括卵母细胞来源、颗粒细胞与卵母细胞间相互作用及体外培养环境等。迄今为止,为了提高牛卵母细胞的体外发育能力,许多学者模拟卵母细胞体内环境发展了一些新的体外成熟技术,诸如体外延迟自发恢复减数分裂成熟、外源卵母细胞分泌因子促进卵母细胞体外成熟及模拟生理条件下卵母细胞成熟等方法。本文综述了牛卵母细胞成熟过程、影响卵母细胞体外成熟因素及近年来提高牛卵母细胞体外成熟的新方法。     

Brainstem auditory evoked potential wave V latency-intensity function in normal Dalmatian and Beagle puppies

This study investigated whether Dalmatian puppies with normal hearing bilaterally had the same click-evoked brainstem auditory potential characteristics as age-matched dogs of another breed. Short-latency brainstem auditory potentials evoked by condensation and rarefaction clicks were recorded in 23 1.5- to 2-month-old Dalmatian puppies with normal hearing bilaterally by a qualitative brainstem auditory evoked potential test and in 16 Beagle dogs of the same age. For each stimulus intensity, from 90 dB normal hearing level down to the wave V threshold, the sum of the potentials evoked by the 2 kinds of stimuli were added, giving an equivalent to the alternate click polarity stimulation. The slope of the L segment of the wave V latency-intensity curve was steeper in Dalmatian (-40 +/- 10 micros/dB) than in Beagles (-28 +/- 5 micros/dB, P < .001) puppies. The hearing threshold was lower in the Beagle puppies (P < .05). These results suggest that interbreed differences may exist at the level of cochlear function in this age class. The wave V latency and wave V-wave I latencies differences at high stimulus intensity were different between the groups of puppies (4.3 +/- 0.2 and 2.5 +/- 0.2 milliseconds, respectively, for Beagles; and 4.1 +/- 0.2 and 2.3 +/- 0.2 milliseconds for Dalmatians, P < .05). A different maturation speed of the neural pathways is one possible explanation of this observation.     

播期和边缘效应对波棱瓜性别分化及产量的影响

通过对比试验,研究了不同播期处理以及株行边缘效应对波棱瓜植株雌株率、产量的影响,以期为波棱瓜的高效人工驯化栽培提供实践依据和技术指导.结果表明,与正常5月7日播种相比,延后播期至6月20日,可以极显著地提高田间波棱瓜植株的雌株率和产量(P＜0.01);边缘效应对不同播期处理下株行两端的波棱瓜雌株率的影响十分明显,5月7...     

蛋白激酶C在哺乳动物卵母细胞第1次减数分裂成熟过程中的调节作用

蛋白激酶C（PKC）是一个广泛分布在真核细胞中的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族。它在卵母细胞的生发泡破裂（GVBD）、染色体凝集、MⅠ期纺锤体组装和第一极体排放等过程中起着重要的调节作用。PKC的活性变化调节着GVBD的发生，GVBD标志着第1次减数分裂的启动。PKC活性在卵母细胞成熟过程中逐渐升高，在第1次减数分裂中/后期转变时活性下降，使卵母细胞得以释放出第一极体，至此卵母细胞完成第1次减数分裂进入第2次减数分裂。作者就PKC在卵母细胞第1次减数分裂成熟过程中的作用综述如下。     

无卵丘的水牛卵母细胞体外成熟方法的初步探讨

主要探讨无卵丘水牛卵母细胞体外成熟的可行性,以便为研究卵母细胞成熟机理提供模型。无卵丘的水牛卵母细胞随机分为5组,然后分别进行直接成熟培养（M1）,与卵丘细胞单层共培养（M2）,用未扩展的卵丘细胞块包围培养（M3）,与扩展的卵丘细胞团共培养（M4）和用卵巢组织包围培养（M5）。无卵丘的水牛卵母细胞体外成熟培养24 h后检查第一极体（PB1）排出率,随后对这些卵母细胞进行孤雌激活,评定其成熟质量。结果发现,M4组的第一极体排出率明显高于M1组和M5组,其它各组间没有显著差异（P〉0.05）;M5组的孤雌激活卵裂率显著低于M1组和M4组（P〈0.05）,而与M2组和M3组没有显著差异（P〉0.05）,但M3和M4两组的囊胚发育率显著高于M1组和M5组（P〈0.05）。这些研究结果表明：（1）未扩展卵丘细胞包围法和扩展卵丘细胞团支撑法可促进无卵丘水牛卵母细胞的体外成熟,但与卵丘细胞单层共培养没有作用;（2）卵巢组织包围培养不利于水牛卵母细胞的体外成熟。     

虎杖苷对牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

为研究虎杖苷(PD)对牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响,本实验在体外成熟液中添加不同浓度(0、0.5、1.0、2.0μmol/L)PD,对牛卵母细胞体外培养22～24 h,统计第一极体排出率,然后对各组卵母细胞进行体外受精并统计胚胎的发育情况;最后分析PD对牛卵母细胞体外成熟作用机制。结果表明:与对照组(0μmol/L)相比,PD各处理组的第一极体排出率显著提高,体外受精后的胚胎分裂率无差异,而1.0μmol/L PD处理组囊胚率较对照组显著提高,1.0、2.0μmol/L PD处理组囊胚期细胞数较对照组显著提高;进一步分析发现,与对照组相比,1.0μmol/L PD可显著降低细胞内活性氧水平,提高抗氧化基因GPX4、SOD1表达水平,显著提高细胞内总谷胱甘肽含量。综上,成熟液中添加1.0μmol/L PD可提高细胞内抗氧化基因的表达以及提高谷胱甘肽含量,降低细胞内的活性氧含量,从而有利于牛卵母细胞的成熟以及早期胚胎发育。     

Inhibition of PSMD4 alters ZP1 ubiquitination state and sperm–oocyte‐binding ability in pigs

The aim of this study was to determine how the duration of culture affects the ubiquitination of zona pellucida (ZP) proteins (ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3) during porcine oocyte maturation in vitro. We analysed the changes in ZP protein ubiquitination under three conditions: (i) during oocyte maturation from stage GV to MII; (ii) in oocytes cultured for different periods of time; and (iii) in oocytes treated with an antibody against PSMD4. Our results show that ZP1 and ZP2 are ubiquitinated at the GV stage, while ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3 are ubiquitinated at the MII stage, and band intensities for these proteins were significantly different between the GV and MII stages (p < .05). We also found that ubiquitination occurs in ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3 after cultured for 46, 52, 58 and 64 hr, and that the level of ubiquitinated ZP1 was significantly different in oocytes that were cultured for different time periods. Finally, treatment with an antibody against PSMD4 resulted in a significant decrease in ZP1 ubiquitination (p < .05), without affecting ZP2 or ZP3. The number of attached sperms per oocyte was also significantly different between control and anti‐PSMD4‐treated groups. Thus, we concluded that ZP1 and ZP2 are ubiquitinated at the GV stage, and ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3 are ubiquitinated at the MII stage. As the duration of culture increases, the ubiquitination levels of ZP proteins decrease. We also found that PSMD4 improves ZP1 ubiquitination during in vitro culture of porcine oocytes and effectively inhibits sperm–oocyte binding.     

Biological performance of Octopus vulgaris in ‘integrated aquaculture’ models: effect of two potential fresh diets,sex and sexual maturation during the grow‐out phase

Two fresh diets were tested on the biological performance of males and females of Octopus vulgaris under industrial rearing conditions in floating cages. The presence of females could potentially release paralarvae to the natural environment (‘integrated aquaculture’). Octopuses were fed on a single diet of bogue (aquaculture by‐product), and on a mixed diet (60–40% crab‐bogue), in two trials. In Trial 1 (918 ± 125 g), growth was higher in octopuses fed on the mixed diet (1.9–2.0%d^?1) than in those fed on the bogue diet (1.8–1.9%d^?1) irrespective of sex, and mortality was 3% regardless of sex and diet. In Trial 2 (1483 ± 269 g), growth was higher in males fed on the mixed diet (1.8%d^?1) than in males fed on the bogue diet (1.4%d^?1), both higher than females (1.1–1.3%d^?1), and mortality was 22–28% regardless of sex and diet. Best biological performance in trial 1 was related to the lack of functional maturation in females, evidence by the low average gonadosomatic index (2.0–3.6%) in comparison with trial 2 (8.8–11.4%), regardless of diet. No correlations between final weight and sexual maturity indices were found, so the length of the rearing period to maximize biomass increment or to release paralarvae depends on functional maturation in females.