木瓜榕的性表达和繁殖特点

木瓜榕雌雄异株,种群内一年四季均挂有果实,果量雌多雄少,其中雌树有2次显著的挂果高峰,占了全年挂果量的80％;雄树挂果多集中在10月至下一年的3月份。木瓜榕隐头花果发育进程中,在间花期雌雄果明显分异,雄果发育期长,74％的隐头果能正常成熟;雌果完成生活周期所需时间短,发育中落果率较高,仅22％的隐头果能成功生产种子。木瓜榕隐头果还受5种非传粉小蜂的作用,它们寄生于传粉小蜂或者与之竞争资源,进而影响到寄主木瓜榕的传粉授精和种子生产。     

Genotype,production system and sex effects on fatty acid composition of meat from goat kids

Two trials were performed to assess the meat fatty acid profile of goat kids from different genotypes, production systems and sex. In the first trial, genotype effect was determined in 24 suckling male kids from Turkish Saanen, Maltese and Gokceada breeds. In the second trial, male and female Gokceada Goat kids were used to compare the effect of extensive and semi‐intensive production systems on fatty acid composition of meat. Significant genotype effect was observed in the percentages of myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n‐9), linolenic acid (C18:3 n‐3), arachidonic acid (C20:4 n‐6) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n‐3), despite no differences on the ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) and n‐6/n‐3 (P > 0.05). The effect of production system had also significant effects on fatty acids, but sex only influenced significantly stearic acid (C18:0), C18:1 n‐9 and C18:3 n‐3 fatty acids and total PUFA level and PUFA/SFA ratio. This study confirms that dairy breeds are prone to produce higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids in their muscle. Meanwhile, meat from Gokceada goat kids, which is one of the indigenous breeds in Turkey, had similar PUFA/SFA and n‐6/n‐3 ratios to Turkish Saanen and Maltase.     

梨小食心虫性引诱防治试验

通过试验，测定出含顺－8十二碳稀醇醋乙酸酯200mg的梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕器，有效诱捕半径为20m。在梨小食心虫年发生3代的地区，着重对第1、2代开展性引诱防治，蛀果率可降低11．25－13．83个百分点，防治效果达54．95％－60．16％，雄蛾定向抑制率达15．17％－48．07％，防治效果显著。     

水稻籼粳性特异分子标记的筛选与判别体系的建立

【目的】准确区分水稻的籼粳性在籼粳亚种杂种优势利用和进化研究等方面具有重要意义。根据在籼稻和粳稻中存在的核苷酸序列差异设计的分子标记,已被广泛应用于水稻籼粳性的判别中。但是已公布的这些籼粳性判别分子标记在遗传背景多样的实验材料中是否仍然表现出籼粳特异性尚未可知;此外,目前籼粳性的判别多是基于待测品系与 2 个对照品种的比较,无法反映待测品系与籼（粳）亚种群体的籼粳相似性。因此,需要筛选出一套能在多样性遗传材料中都表现出籼粳性特异的分子标记,并建立籼粳组群判别体系客观判别水稻的籼粳性。【方法】在能代表世界水稻遗传多样性的水稻多样性种质平台 2（RDP2）中,利用 7 万个 SNP分子标记的基因型,选取保留群体遗传多样性的 92 份水稻品种（系）,对已知的 51 对用于籼粳性判别的分子标记进行筛选;并根据籼粳特异性分子标记的聚类结果,选取 5 份籼稻和 5 份粳稻组成籼稻和粳稻判别组,利用籼性判别值量化水稻籼粳性。【结果】在 51 对分子标记中筛选到 24 对籼粳特异性强的分子标记（在籼 / 粳稻群中出现专一带型的频率均高于 69.5%）,它们均匀分布在水稻 12 条染色体上。根据籼粳特异分子标记的带型结果,92 份品种（系）可分为籼稻和粳稻 2 个组群,聚类结果与这些品种（系）已知的籼粳性完全吻合。根据聚类结果,构建了组群判别体系,随机选取 10 份品种（系）对其籼性判别值进行计算,其中 1 份偏籼品系、1 份偏粳品系、4 份籼稻品系、4 份粳稻品系,准确地实现了对其籼粳性的量化判别。【结论】筛选出一套可在 遗传背景丰富的材料中进行籼粳性鉴定的分子标记,并基于籼粳组群建立了一套籼粳判别体系,高效准确判别水稻的籼粳性。     

Feed discrimination and selection in self-fed European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L.

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate feed discrimination and preference of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L., taking into account the effects of feed location, previous feeding experience and light conditions. Fish (63 g) were held in tanks and exposed to a 12L:12D photoperiod and ambient temperature. The following feeding practices were applied in triplicate: three‐choice feeding (self‐ feeding with feeds formulated for carnivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous fish rotated on a weekly basis) and monofeeding (self‐feeding with one of these feeds). After 9 weeks (phase I), fish previously held in monofeeding, were subjected to three‐choice feeding for 2 weeks (phase II). In phase I, fish discriminated between feeds after their rotational displacements and preferred the feed formulated for carnivorous species. This also supported the best growth. Fish used in phase II preferred the same feed. There was no preference for any location within tanks. Feeding was generally diurnal, although in some tests with the feeds for herbivores and omnivores, diurnal and nocturnal feed demands were similar and fewer in number than with the feed formulated for carnivores.     

颗粒荧光技术可快速判别致密砂岩油层

颗粒荧光技术可快速探测储层颗粒中油包裹体和颗粒表面吸附烃, 能较好地反映储层中油气包裹体丰度及油气性质,可以很好地确认现今油藏和古油藏,有效判别油层、水层、油水过渡带以及古油水界面。用颗粒荧光分析技术,分析了依合2A井志留系柯坪塔格组近20块样品,发现该方法可以较好地识别柯坪塔格组致密砂岩储层中的油层、油水过渡带和水层,为致密砂岩储层油水层判别提供了一种新方法;利用该技术还在志留系柯坪塔格组上段底砂岩中识别出一套含油层,表明该技术具有较好的推广和应用价值。     

桑树种质资源及杂交组合性比调查

[目的]调查桑树种质资源及杂交组合性比的规律,为广西桑树育种提供参考.[方法]2011～2012年对收集保存的1000多份桑种质资源及人工授粉组配的165份杂交组合F1代的性比进行田间调查,研究不同材料植株的性比特点.[结果]在199份广西地方品种资源中,雌、雄性植株分别占50.3％、41.7％,雌雄同株占5.0％,6份为不明花性.在474份四倍体桑种质资源中,雌、雄性植株分别占59.3％、31.0％,雌雄同株占8.0％,雌雄同穗1.7％.在173份四倍体杂交F1代材料中,雌、雄性植株分别占42.2％、49.7％,雌雄同株占8.1％.在67份鲁桑、白桑与广东类型桑杂交选育的中间类型桑树种质资源中,雌、雄性植株分别占28.3％、64.2％,雌雄同株占7.5％.2011～2012年对165份杂交组合的调查结果显示,不同杂交组合中雄株占57.7％～58.5％,雌株占39.8％～41.8％,雌雄同株占0.5％～1.7％.广西常规种植的桑树二倍体超高产杂交组合沙2×伦109的雄株比率（约60.0％）明显高于雌株（低于20.0％）,桂桑优12与桂桑优62的雄株比率略高于雌株;桑特优1号、桑特优2号、桑特优3号3个三倍体的雌株比率（高于60.0％）明显高于雄株比率.[结论]不同类型桑树种质资源之间的性比表现不同,同一类型种质资源的性比相对稳定;不同年份组配的同一杂交组合的性比较稳定,不受组配时间和调查年份的明显影响.     

Sex differences in circulating steroid hormone levels in the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus L.

Steroid profiles of cultured and captive red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.) were investigated to evaluate the potential use of circulating sex steroid levels as a tool for gender identification in this species. Cultured 18‐month‐old fish were maintained on a 120‐day shortened photothermal cycle to induce precocious maturation. Additionally, wild‐caught fish were maintained in captivity under simulated natural photothermal conditions from late spring to early fall. Circulating 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT) levels were significantly higher in males compared with females during the early stages of gonadal growth in both cultured and captive fish. Plasma testosterone (T) levels showed a similar trend; however, the differences were significant only when males were already producing sperm. 17β‐estradiol (E₂) concentrations were low in males and females before gonadal recrudescence but increased significantly with the progression of vitellogenesis in females. These results show that a test using a minimum concentration of circulating 11‐KT could be developed to differentiate between sexes in the early stages of gonadal maturation in red drum. Moreover, plasma E₂ concentrations could be used to identify vitellogenic females. The two steroids considered together could help avoid possible error in gender identification due to unusually high levels of certain steroids encountered in some individuals.     

Elemental analysis of otoliths of Japanese anchovy: trial to discriminate between Seto Inland Sea and Pacific stock

The ability to discriminate local stocks of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus was assessed based on data from four elements (K, Na, P, and Sr) using an electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) and data from three elements (Ba, Mn, and Sr) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) from the otoliths of 40 anchovy (23.6–47.0 mm body length). Anchovy were caught at three sites (Aki-nada, Hiuchi-nada, and Osaka Bay) in the Seto Inland Sea, and one site (Kuroshio extension) in the Pacific Ocean in 2002. In order to discriminate different spawning grounds, EPMA data from the core portion (from core to 30 μm in the core-posterior axis) were used. Results showed that it was difficult to discriminate between the Seto Inland Sea and the Pacific anchovy by EPMA data. Conversely, it was possible to discriminate between the Seto Inland Sea and the Pacific anchovy by ICP-MS data from bulk otoliths. Our results showed that Mn contents of otoliths using ICP-MS discriminate between spawning grounds most, and Ba and Sr discriminate less. The difference in elemental compositions in anchovy otoliths between the Seto Inland Sea and the Pacific Ocean might be reflected by cumulative experienced elemental composition of ambient sea water during life history between the Seto Inland Sea and the Pacific anchovy.