Effects of different dl‐selenomethionine and sodium selenite levels on growth performance,immune functions and serum thyroid hormones concentrations in broilers

This trial was conducted in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of different dl ‐selenomethionine (dl ‐Se‐Met) and sodium selenite (SS) levels on growth performance, immune functions and serum thyroid hormones concentrations in broilers. A total of 840 Ross 308 broilers (7 days old) were allocated by body weight to seven treatments (three replicates of 40 birds each treatment) including (1) basal diet (containing 0.04 mg of selenium (Se)/kg; control) without supplementary Se; (2, 3 and 4) basal diet + 0.05, 0.15 or 0.25 mg/kg Se as SS; (5, 6 and 7) basal diet + 0.05, 0.15 or 0.25 mg/kg Se as dl ‐Se‐Met. The experiment lasted 42 days. The results revealed that dietary Se supplementation improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain, feed efficiency, immune organ index, serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and triiodothyronine (T₃) concentrations and decreased (p < 0.01) thyroxine (T₄)/T₃ ratio in serum compared with the control. Broilers receiving the dl ‐Se‐Met‐supplemented diets had higher (p < 0.05) feed efficiency, thymus index, the amounts of IgA, IgG, IgM and T₃ as well as lower (p < 0.05) serum T₄ concentrations and T₄/T₃ ratio than those consuming the SS‐supplemented diets. Serum IgA and IgM levels of broilers fed 0.15 mg Se/kg were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of broilers fed 0.05 or 0.25 mg Se/kg. In summary, we concluded that dl ‐Se‐Met is more effective than SS in increasing immunity and promoting conversion of T₄ to T₃, thus providing an effective way to improve the growth performance of broilers. Besides, based on a consideration of all experiment indices, 0.15 mg Se/kg was suggested to be the optimal level of Se supplementation under the conditions of this study.     

Physiological and biochemical changes of females of Piracanjuba,subjected to induced reproduction

The aim of this experiment was to compare the level of fish female stress during induced reproduction with pituitary extract by two different methods, natural and semiextruded. The reproductive efficiency was 62.5% in the seminatural treatment and 100% in the extruded. Obtained egg volume was 5200 ml and 4000 ml, for seminatural and extruded treatments respectively. The mean number of eggs was 46.7 for the seminatural and 52.0 and for the extruded treatment. The percentage of viable eggs was, respectively, 87.2% and 8.17% for the natural treatment and extruded semimethods. Blood samples were collected to quantify cortisol and glucose levels, as well as red cell series and lymphocyte count. Fishes submitted to induction procedures showed elevated cortisol and glucose levels, compared to the control animals. The results for haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count showed no significant differences among groups. Significant differences found in the number of lymphocytes and monocytes suggest the general adaptation syndrome. Our results suggest the reproductive induction process with extrusion of gametes as a more stressful method than seminatural reproduction process.     

饲粮添加过瘤胃半胱氨酸对育成期梅花鹿生长性能、营养物质表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加过瘤胃半胱氨酸对育成期梅花鹿生长性能、营养物质表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响。采用单因素随机区组试验设计,将12头7月龄雄性梅花鹿仔鹿分为4组(每组3个重复,每个重复1只),组间体重差异不显著。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂额外添加1.25(Ⅱ组)、2.50(Ⅲ组)和5.00 g·kg^-1(Ⅳ组)过瘤胃半胱氨酸(有效成分51.70%)的试验饲粮。试验预饲期15 d,正试期112 d。结果表明,1)与Ⅰ组相比,添加过瘤胃半胱氨酸Ⅲ组总增重和平均日增重显著提高(P<0.05),Ⅲ组料重比显著降低(P<0.05);2)与Ⅰ组相比,添加过瘤胃半胱氨酸各组粗蛋白质、钙和磷表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),Ⅲ组干物质和有机物表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05);3)与Ⅰ组相比,添加过瘤胃半胱氨酸Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组甘氨酸表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),各组半胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、丝氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、天冬氨酸、酪氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸和脯氨酸表观消化率显著提高(P<0...     

Antioxidant,anti-amylase and anti-glycation potential of brans of some Sri Lankan traditional and improved rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties

Brans of 23 traditional and 12 improved (both red and white) rice varieties in Sri Lanka were screened for anti-amylase and anti-glycation activities in vitro. Varieties which showed the highest inhibitory activities at screening were further investigated for anti-glucosidase and glycation reversing as anti-diabetic properties. The same varieties were studied for selected antioxidant properties. Significantly high anti-amylase and anti-glycation activities were observed for bran extracts of red varieties compared to white varieties at screening. Traditional red rice varieties, Masuran, Sudu Heeneti, Dik Wee and Goda Heeneti, exhibited significant and dose dependent anti-amylase, anti-glycation and glycation reversing activities. These varieties also showed marked antioxidant properties. It is concluded that brans of Sri Lankan traditional red rice varieties Masuran, Sudu Heeneti, Dik Wee and Goda Heeneti may be potential food supplements for diabetes.     

葡萄糖和尿素对新鲜水稻秸秆氨化品质的影响

为研究葡萄糖和尿素对新鲜水稻秸秆氨化品质的影响,采用不同质量分数的葡萄糖(0、4 g/kg)和尿素(0、2、4和6 g/kg)对水稻卓两优141的新鲜秸秆进行氨化处理,常温氨化50 d后开包取样分析各项指标。结果表明:氨化饲料中黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素、玉米赤酶烯酮含量检测结果符合饲料卫生标准;尿素和葡萄糖的交互作用对氨态氮、可溶性碳水化合物和半纤维素含量有显著作用。随着尿素浓度的增加,各处理的pH值显著升高,氨态氮和粗蛋白(CP)含量显著增加,6 g/kg尿素处理组的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)降解效果最好;4 g/kg葡萄糖处理显著降低了秸秆NDF、ADF、ADL和氨态氮含量,显著增加了秸秆可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)和粗蛋白(CP)的含量。综合分析,添加葡萄糖可以提高水稻秸秆的营养价值,4 g/kg葡萄糖+6 g/kg尿素处理组的氨化效果最佳。     

不同蛋白质水平精料对广丰山羊生长性能、屠宰性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同蛋白质水平精料对广丰山羊生长性能、屠宰性能和血清生化指标的影响.选择健康且体重相近的3月龄左右广丰山羊30只,随机分为3组,每组10只(公母各占1/2).3组山羊分别饲喂高(22.87％,H组)、中(19.07％,M组)和低(15.23％,L组)蛋白质水平的精料,粗料均为野生芒草鲜草,精粗比50:50...     

不同金属盐强化乙醇/水预处理对蔗渣酶解效率的影响

预处理过程可以破坏木质纤维素生物质的致密结构、降低生物抗性,是木质纤维素生物质经酶解制备糖基平台化学的重要步骤。该研究以蔗渣为原料,在预处理温度为160 ℃、预处理时间为10 min时,选取0.025 mol/L 的不同金属盐FeCl₃、CrCl₃、AlCl₃、CuCl₂、FeCl₂、ZnCl₂、MnCl₂、MgCl₂、CaCl₂、NaCl、LiCl、Na₂CO₃对蔗渣进行乙醇/水预处理,并对预处理后样品进行酶解,探究不同金属盐强化乙醇/水预处理对蔗渣酶解效率的影响和规律,并进一步通过扫描电镜（scanning electron microscopy, SEM）、X射线衍射（X-ray diffraction, XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR）和热重（thermogravimetric, TG）对蔗渣原料和预处理后的固体进行表征,探究金属盐强化乙醇/水预处理后蔗渣表面形貌与结构变化对酶解效率的影响,分析作用机理。结果表明:与原料甘蔗渣相比,不同金属盐强化乙醇/水预处理后样品中葡聚糖的质量分数从45.5%增加到77.2%,预处理后样品酶解48h后的葡萄糖得率也由51.14%增加到最高93.08%。其中,三价金属盐（FeCl₃、CrCl₃和AlCl₃）对蔗渣酶解效率的提升最为显著,这可归因于三价金属盐强化乙醇/水预处理可以更加有效的去除蔗渣中的半纤维素和木质素,增加酶对纤维素的可及性。后续表征分析也表明经过三价金属盐（FeCl₃、CrCl₃和AlCl₃）强化乙醇/水预处理后的样品比经过二价金属盐（CuCl₂、FeCl₂、ZnCl₂、MnCl₂、MgCl₂和CaCl₂）和一价金属盐（NaCl、LiCl和Na₂CO₃）强化乙醇/水预处理表面结构破坏更为彻底,结晶度相对增加最大,木素和半纤维素去除率最多,热稳定性也相对最高。该研究结果将为后续木质纤维素生物质的高效转化与利用提供参考。     

葡萄糖水热过程中焦炭结构演变特性

为了解生物质水热炭化过程中焦炭的形成机制及其理化结构的演变机理,该文以葡萄糖为原料,利用高温高压反应釜,对葡萄糖在水热环境中炭化的反应过程和焦炭的表面物理结构及微观化学组成进行了系统的分析。研究发现,葡萄糖经过水热处理,可以获得富含炭微球的无定形水热焦炭,这些炭微球粒径分布在0.6～7 μm之间,而通过控制水热过程的温度、葡萄糖添加量和停留时间,则可对其收率、形貌、化学组成等理化性质产生重要影响。在220℃,4 h,6 g/100 mL的水热条件下,炭微球粒径最小且均匀,平均粒径约为1.54 μm;在220℃,4 h,12 g/100 mL的水热条件下,焦炭收率最高为38.92%。水热焦炭中含有大量的芳香环结构和含氧官能团,具有很强的亲水性,其表面碳化程度高于内核。水热焦炭的形成主要是一系列脱水、聚合、凝结、芳香化、胶体作用的结果。研究结果为生物质水热法制备炭微球的过程控制提供参考。     

一种用于细胞培养的人血清制备方法

人血清可用于需要天然培养基的细胞培养。为探讨简便、有效的人血清制备方法,本实验研究通过取材,采血,血清的提取、鉴定和保存等操作步骤,分离出棕黄色、较粘稠的标准血清样品。本实验方法可供高校和科研机构参考使用。     

Effects of cage netting colour and density on the skin pigmentation and stress response of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

The unnaturally dark pigmentation of cultured Australian snapper Pagrus auratus can be improved through dietary astaxanthin supplementation and by holding fish in tanks with a white background. The practical application of these laboratory‐based findings was examined with two experiments to establish if the advantages of transferring fish to light coloured tanks before harvest could be achieved on‐farm using white cages and to determine the effects of fish density on skin colour. For the first experiment, snapper (mean TL=29.7 cm) were transferred from a commercial snapper sea cage to black or white netted cages and fed diets supplemented with unesterified astaxanthin (supplied as Lucantin^® Pink, BASF) at 0 or 39 mg kg^?1 for 42 days. Skin colour was measured using the CIE (black–white), (green–red), (blue–yellow) colour scale. Snapper held in white netting cages became significantly lighter (higher ) than snapper held in black cages; however, values were not as high as previous laboratory‐based studies in which snapper were held in white plastic‐lined cages. Snapper fed astaxanthin displayed significantly greater and values, and total carotenoid concentrations after 42 days. In addition, total carotenoids were higher in fish from black than white cages. The second experiment was designed to investigate whether density reduced the improvements in skin colour achieved by holding fish in white coloured cages and whether cage colour affected stress. Snapper (mean weight=435 g) were acclimated to black cages and fed 39 mg kg^?1 astaxanthin for 44 days before transferring to black or white plastic‐lined cages at 14 (low), 29 (mid) or 45 (high) kg m^?3 for 7 days after which time skin colour, plasma cortisol and plasma glucose concentrations were measured. Skin lightness () was greater in snapper transferred to white plastic‐lined cages with the lightest coloured fish obtained from the lowest density after 7 days. Density had no effect on plasma cortisol or glucose levels after 7 days, although plasma cortisol was elevated in snapper from black cages. For improved skin colouration we recommend feeding unesterified astaxanthin at 39 mg kg^?1 for approximately 6 weeks and transferring snapper to white plastic‐lined cages or similar at low densities for short periods before harvest rather than producing fish in white netting sea cages subject to biofouling.