低压管道输水在农田灌溉中的应用

低压管道输水是当前农田灌溉中的重要应用技术,就低压管道输水系统构建,建设原则以及建设管理注意事项进行重点阐述.     

长输天然气管道在地形起伏山区地段的清管

长输天然气管道在地形起伏山区地段清管时,必须考虑高程差引起的重力位能变化对水力计算的影响,以及管道中积水注静压阻力对清管器运行速度的影响。依据长输天然气管道清管作业规程SY/T6383-1999,结合榆济管道汾阳-武乡段清管作业实际,针对5次清管作业清管器的运行速度和运行区间的压差进行统计分析,总结了管道积水静压阻力、地形起伏山区诱发段塞流和强烈段塞流对清管作业的影响。通过建立数学模型,简化了积水静压阻力计算公式,建立了分段积水注长度和高程差与积水静压阻力的函数关系式。指出了长输天然气管道在不停输状态下利用清管器对大口径、高压力的北方山区管道进行清管作业的注意事项。     

Theoretical and Experimental Analysis on the Pressure Filtration Technology in Slurries Treatment

Treatment of waste drilling slurries has become one of the important problems encountered in urban construction. The application of pressure filtration technology brings significant advantages in slurries treatment. In order to give a better insight into the mechanism of pressure filtration, a model was introduced to analyze the relationship between filtration pressure, time and treatment results. The proposed model was validated using existing data. The parametric studies of the model show that the increase of the filtration pressure can reduce the filtration time and the permeability coefficient of the filter cake, While filtration time decreases very slowly beyond a certain extent. In addition, the relationship among filtration pressure, time and treatment results is further validated by test results.     

Dynamic superposition and simulation research on flowing of gas outburst and mine ventilation network

In allusion to the “5·30”especially serious coal and gas outburst accident of Tonghua coal mine of Songzao Coal Electricity Group CO., LTD in 2009, a detailed simulation of the mutation process of mine ventilation system during gas outburst disaster period is done by using theory of ventilation network with sources and numerical simulation technology (we develop a computer simulation system). Three changing processes, namely outburst overflow, natural flow and ventilation downstream occurs in the ventilation system after outburst. Due to the expanded power of outburst source, gas enters main ventilation roadways at first, and flows outward, and flows counter-current along main intake air roadway, and then enters low air quantity roadways with air doors or underground chamber, which leads to gas concentration overrun and threat to the whole mine. After outburst, gas power disappears. Due to the action of gas natural ventilation pressure, mine ventilation may begin to flow naturally. After the ventilation systems are restored, gas flows with the wind as a result of the power of the main fan. Due to the interference of gas natural ventilation pressure, the operating points of main fans may drift (relative to roadway structure), but the operating points recover with the discharge of gas. It is worth noting that the detention time of gas in low air quantity roadways and underground chambers is relatively long, and the gas becomes continuous gas supply sources, so it is dangerous. In addition, the delayed pour between main roadways and by-pass low air quantity roadways and the gas natural ventilation pressure caused by gas detention may lead to airflow disorder of reversion in some local circuits, and may enlarge the affected range of gas, or lead to the delay and detention of gas discharge.     

Model test of influence of excavating new interchange tunnel on existing tunnel

In order to analyze the influence of construction of new interchange tunnel on existing tunnel, a three-dimension model test of interchange tunnel is carried out with the system of structure and surrounding rockmass of highway tunnel. Existing tunnel’s surrounding rock pressure, internal displacement and supporting internal force are measured. The results show that, firstly, excavating new tunnel has obvious influence on section Ⅰ of existing tunnel, and has little influence on section Ⅱ.All surrounding rock pressure keeps decreasing and arch bottom surrounding rock’s stability reduces. Secondly, crown and hance internal displacement manifest tensile deformation, and the deformation at crown is bigger than that at hance. Thirdly, exiting tunnel’s supporting axial force keeps increasing and supporting moment keeps decreasing. Finally, excavating new interchange tunnel has obvious influence on exiting tunnel’s surrounding rock pressure, internal displacement and supporting internal force when adjacent space is 0.25D, and it indicates that interchange tunnel’s adjacent space should be no less than 0.5D.     

基于粮食安全的区域耕地压力测算——以江苏省为例

为了探究江苏省耕地资源的安全状况,以便为有效地进行耕地利用、保护和管理提供一定的参考,采用江苏省1971—2009年修正后的耕地数据,使用最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数对江苏省及其地市耕地压力进行测算。结果表明,在20世纪的后20年,家庭联产承包责任制的实施,解放了农业生产力,耕地压力指数呈逐年减小的总趋势;进入21世纪后,城市化和工业化建设对耕地的大量占用,以及农民种粮积极性的降低,使得耕地粮食综合生产力下降,耕地压力逐渐增大,继而政府进行的宏观调控,又使全省平均耕地压力有所缓解。然而,全省13个地市耕地压力程度呈现出显著差异,其中南京、无锡、苏州和常州耕地承受巨大压力;徐州、镇江和南通耕地压力初现;其余6个地市无耕地压力。基于粮食安全的耕地压力研究表明,缓解耕地压力的途径一是提高耕地粮食综合生产力,二是防止耕地的继续流失。     

Comparison of extraction procedures for detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli in common bean seed

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) is an important seedborne pathogen of Phaseolus vulgaris. Accurate seed health testing methods are critical to protect seed quality and meet phytosanitary requirements. Currently employed selective media‐based methods include several variations in extraction procedures. In order to optimize pathogen extraction from seeds, the influence of different extraction steps on the sensitivity of Xap detection was assessed. Seeds were inoculated by vacuum infiltration with Xap to achieve inoculum levels from 10¹ to 10⁵ CFU per seed; one contaminated seed was mixed into 1000‐seed subsamples of uncontaminated P. vulgaris seeds. Thirty subsamples of 1000 seeds were tested using each different extraction procedure. These included soaking whole seeds in sterilized saline phosphate buffer, either overnight at 4°C or for 3 h at room temperature, with or without vacuum extraction, and either with or without concentrating the seed extract by centrifuging. Seed extract dilutions were cultured on semiselective agar media MT and XCP1. The percentages of positive subsamples were compared to measure the effects of each extraction step on detection sensitivity. Vacuum extraction and centrifugation of seed extracts increased sensitivity; the highest sensitivity was obtained with the 3 h vacuum extraction followed by centrifugation. These results were confirmed with naturally infested seeds; Xap was detected in 48 of 70 samples using the 3 h vacuum extraction with centrifugation, whereas only 35 of 70 field samples tested positive using overnight soaking, a significant difference. The results suggest that these steps would be valuable modifications to the current method approved by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA).     

提高粳稻成熟胚抗性愈伤再生频率的研究

为提高粳稻抗性愈伤分化率和遗传转化率,以农杆菌介导遗传转化得到的水稻成熟胚抗性愈伤(Hyg)为材料,研究了影响粳稻成熟胚抗性愈伤组织再生频率的因素。结果表明分化培养基添加0.5～25 mg.L-1的CuSO4.5H2O,增加分化培养基中的琼脂浓度,分化前对抗性愈伤进行高渗处理,采用6-BA和KT两步分化法和干燥除菌法均能提高抗性愈伤组织的分化率。     

油田热电厂200MW机组调峰运行安全经济性分析

分析了油田热电厂200MW机组变负荷调峰运行时,对锅炉燃烧稳定性、汽轮机主辅机及锅炉安全性的影响,以及机组效率下降的原因。并对采用复合变压运行方式来提高机炉安全经济运行的可行性进行了分析。     

水工压力隧洞钢筋混凝土衬砌配筋模型与方法探讨

【目的】针对当前水工压力隧洞钢筋混凝土衬砌配筋方法不能反映水工压力隧洞衬砌开裂后围岩-混凝土-钢筋的联合受力机制的不足,寻求建立一种新的配筋方法,为水工压力隧洞钢筋混凝土衬砌配筋的设计提供参考。【方法】从水工隧洞的实际性状入手,分析衬砌开裂后围岩-混凝土-钢筋的联合作用,借助于FINAL有限元程序,建立非线性有限元衬砌配筋数值仿真模型,基于莫尔-库伦强度准则进行非线性数值求解,并通过实例与"公式法"计算结果进行比较。【结果】通过算例发现,利用所建立的非线性有限元衬砌配筋数值仿真模型,计算得到围岩-混凝土-钢筋联合作用条件下的衬砌配筋量、钢筋应力、混凝土裂缝宽度,直观展现了衬砌裂缝处钢筋应力的集中现象。计算结果较"公式法"更为直观,配筋结果较"公式法"偏大,更符合实际情况。【结论】所建立的非线性有限元衬砌配筋数值仿真模型能够综合考虑水工压力隧洞衬砌开裂后围岩-混凝土-钢筋的联合作用,并能通过非线性有限元求解,得到任意部位的钢筋应力及混凝土裂缝的分布规律,较以往的方法有明显优越性。