Effects of different ventilation strategies on gas exchange and extravascular lung water during early stage of acute lung injury in a canine model

AIM: To evaluate the effects of different ventilation strategies on gas exchange and extravascular lung water during early stage of acute lung injury (ALI). METHODS: Upon the establishment of oleic acid-induced ALI (diagnostic standard: PaO₂/FiO₂ ≤ 300 mmHg), 24 adult mongrel dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=8 each) according to different ventilation strategies: controlling high-concentration oxygen therapy (O₂) group, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) group and bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) group. The parameters of gas exchange and hemodynamics including the values of normal baseline, at ALI early stage (positive control) and from 1 to 4 h after treatment were recorded continuously. RESULTS: Compared with the value at the beginning of ALI, after 4 h of artificial ventilation, the improvement in oxygenation index (PaO₂/FiO₂) in BiPAP group (375.83±81.55, P<0.01) and CPAP group (327.17±78.82, P<0.01) were better than that in O₂ group (255.00±49.85, P>0.05). The ratio of alveolar dead space to tidal volume [V_D(alv)/V_T]in O₂ group further increased (P<0.01), while it obviously declined in CPAP group and BiPAP group (P<0.01). Oxygen delivery (DO₂) in BiPAP group (P<0.01) was much higher than that in CPAP group and O₂ group, while oxygen consumption (VO₂) and oxygen extraction rate (O₂ER) in O₂ group were evidently higher than those in CPAP group and BiPAP group (P<0.05, P<0.01). After treatment, the alveolar-arterial oxygen differences [P_(A-a)O₂] of the 3 ventilation groups were significantly higher than the normal baseline values and the values at early ALI stage (P<0.01). BiPAP and CPAP greatly reduced the ratio of shunted blood to total perfusion (Qs/Qt) as compared with O₂ group (P<0.01). Some parameters including pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) and index of cardiac output (CI) kept stable, while mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) further increased in CPAP group and BiPAP group (P<0.05,P<0.01). Three ventilation strategies did not effectively control the increase in extravascular lung water index (ELWI). CONCLUSION: During early stage of ALI, BiPAP and CPAP make active effects on improving gas exchange and tissue oxygenation. BiPAP displays more significant therapeutic effect than CPAP and oxygen therapy. The 3 ventilation strategies have no obvious effects on reducing extravascular lung water.     

鱼类镁营养生理的研究进展

镁在动物生理中发挥重要的作用,是动物体内众多酶系的辅助因子和激活剂,也是骨骼和牙齿的重要组成部分。该文就鱼类对镁的需要量及镁与鱼类生长、离子代谢、免疫、抗应激以及渗透压调节等方面的研究进行综述。     

Calculation and Analysis of Basic Wind Pressure Value Based on Gumbel Distribution

In order to find out the current basic wind pressure in China, the parameters were estimated based on Gumbel distribution by statistically analyzing the annual maximum values of wind speed of 159 typical cities in China between 1951 and 2008. The basic wind pressure values for 10-year, 50-year and 100-year return periods were calculated based on moment method and Gumbel method, respectively. The distribution function was tested by the Kolmogorov criterion. Finally, the calculation results were compared with those in current design codes and the results of the correlative literature. The results show that basic wind pressure values worked out by Gumbel method are better than those by moment method in most cases when the statistic of the annual maximum values of wind speed is conducted and analyzed by Gumbel distribution. There are significant differences between the basic wind pressure values for 10-year, 50-year and 100-year return periods in Loading Code for Design of Building Structures and the results calculated with the annual maximum values of wind speed in recent decades, which shows that the sample data in Loading Code for Design of Building Structures are relatively insufficient and cannot reflect the present true condition in China. Therefore, basic wind pressure value should be revised accordingly.     

不同氮素水平下欧洲黑杨光合特性的遗传分析

通过测定在两种氮素水平下15个欧洲黑杨无性系的生长指标(苗高和地径)与光合生理指标(叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和空气CO2浓度),计算了15个欧洲黑杨无性系的材积和水分利用效率、表观叶肉导度、胞间CO2浓度与空气CO2浓度比值;对欧洲黑杨在不同氮素水平下的生长指标与光合生理的关系、光合能力遗传变异进行了研究.方差分析结果表明,欧洲黑杨生长指标与各光合参数存在着极显著水平的差异,无性系重复力高,变异系数较大,说明各指标遗传控制强,且遗传变异丰富,可以进一步选择高氮高光效品种.双重筛选逐步回归分析结果表明,欧洲黑杨的表观叶肉导度、叶片气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、水分利用效率和叶片蒸腾速率与生长指标相关,因此光合生理指标也可以作为欧洲黑杨良种选育的指标.     

中国东北粮食安全评价及政策模拟

系统评价东北地区粮食生产能力,阐释其作为粮食主产区对国家粮食安全的保障能力。通过对粮食供给、结构以及耕地压力的研究,得出结论东北地区保障国家粮食安全能力增强且增产潜力较大,但基于消费结构视角,粮食种植结构面临调整压力;近25年来最小人均耕地面积与耕地压力指数均下降1/2,现有单产水平下的耕地资源能够对国家粮食安全提供有效保障。此外,基于粮食生产能力评价角度选取相应情景,应用系统动力学模型模拟2010-2030年粮食产出状况,根据模拟结果,提出粮食总量安全与结构安全的相关建议。     

中国畜牧业资源环境承载压力时空特征分析

中国畜牧业发展正面临资源环境的双重约束,本文选取土壤环境承载压力、水环境承载压力、饲料粮自给压力和饲草自给压力4项指标,测算了1990-2010年中国及2010年国内各地区畜牧业资源环境承载压力,研究表明:21年间中国畜牧业资源环境承载压力总体上呈现出"逐年上升-平稳回落"的两阶段特征,水环境超载成为中国及各地区畜牧业发展面临的首要环境约束,土壤环境超载次之;饲草自给不足成为制约中国及各地区畜牧业发展的首要资源约束;饲料粮虽能自给,但从全国范围看已接近自给上限,农区省份尤为明显。最后,立足研究结论提出了强化环境监管、推动畜禽粪便还田、加强保护草原以及发展节粮型畜牧业等建议。     

氧气含量对竹材炭化特性的影响

竹材炭化过程中,炭化温度和炭化时间是两个十分重要的工艺参数,同时炉内的氧气含量对竹材炭化也会产生较大影响。通过传感器实时测定并控制炉内氧分压,研究炉内氧含量对竹材炭化的影响。结果表明,随着炉内氧分压增加,得炭率下降。用电子显微镜和能谱仪分析观察竹炭的微观结构和残留物成份,揭示竹炭蜂窝状的微观结构;随着炉内氧分压增加,竹炭孔径变大,表明炭化过程中氧含量影响竹材炭化过程中细胞的收缩。     

Effects of roe deer browsing and site preparation on performance of planted broadleaved and conifer seedlings when using temporary fences

Abstract

The effects of fencing and site preparation on performance of birch (Betula pendula Roth), oak (Quercus robur L.), pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings were studied over four growing seasons in southern Sweden. The experiment was composed of four browsing treatments, from which roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) were excluded for 0, 12, 24 or 42 months, and four soil treatments. Natural browsing was combined with artificial browsing (clipping). It was demonstrated that browsing by roe deer could be isolated from browsing by moose (Alces alces L.) by selective fencing. Except for birch, browsing had little effect on seedling survival. Browsing reduced height growth by more than 100% for oak and pine, and more than 60% of pine seedling developed multiple stems. Except for oak, site preparation increased seedling survival. Inverting site preparation, in combination with or without fertilization, produced positive growth responses in seedlings, whereas patch scarification did not. There was no interaction between browsing and soil treatments on seedling performance. It was concluded that long-term protection against browsing by roe deer is needed for oak and pine, whereas short-term fences might be used for birch, and that spruce is relatively unaffected by browsing.     

THE EFFECT OF MANUAL LUNG INFLATION VS. SPONTANEOUS INSPIRATION ON THE CARDIAC SILHOUETTE IN ANESTHETIZED DOGS

The purpose of this study was to assess radiographic heart size in anesthetized dogs, comparing radiographs made with the patient breathing spontaneously to radiographs obtained using positive pressure manual lung inflation. The hypothesis was that manual inflation would cause reduction in the cardiac size. With dogs in right recumbency a radiograph was made at peak spontaneous inspiration followed immediately a radiograph made with application of positive pressure manual inflation of the thorax. Cardiac size was assessed, both subjectively and objectively using the vertebral heart scale (VHS). Two hundred and six dogs were studied. Manual inflation resulted in a significantly greater degree of lung inflation assessed radiographically ( P <0.0001). The subjectively assessed heart size was significantly smaller in radiographs made with manual inflation, leading to different subjective categorization of heart size in 67 (32%) of dogs. The objectively measured VHS was also significantly smaller in the radiographs made using manual inflation by a mean of 0.24 of a vertebral length (95% CL of mean difference: −0.29, −0.19, P <0.0001). A statistically significant reduction in subjective heart size and in VHS occurred with manual inflation of the lungs, and these differences may be clinically significant. Thus, if serial radiographs are obtained to assess cardiac size, the radiographic technique used should be the same.