大学生就业意向的研究

本文针对大学生就业中的个人职业选择性就业问题,根据彼德罗夫斯基“动机系统理论”的相关观点,在就业心理上,提出了”就业意向”的概念。尝试性地构筑了就业意向的初步结构,并就此作了实际的调查研究,阐明了大学生就业观念的变化及其与现实要求之间存在的差距,强调了应进一步加强狱业意向”的研究和就业指导工作。     

Optimal design of scroll compressor’s profiles with key parameters preference

Aiming at the problem around single optimal objective and solution selection without considering designer’s preference, optimal objective function combing maximum compression ratio and maximum coefficient of volume utilization is proposed in a liner weighting model based on defined variables. Furthermore, the main factors’ influence is evaluated by analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for its advantage of dealing with qualitative analysis data. The second selective preference is achieved by normalization and second liner weighting. The validity of the method is illustrated by a case study.     

Status of aquatic and riparian biodiversity in artificial lake ecosystems with and without management for recreational fisheries: Implications for conservation

1. Humanity is facing a biodiversity crisis, with freshwater-associated biodiversity in a particularly dire state. Novel ecosystems created through human use of mineral resources, such as gravel pit lakes, can provide substitute habitats for the conservation of freshwater and riparian biodiversity. Many of these artificial ecosystems are subject to a high intensity of recreational use, however, which may limit their biodiversity potential.
2. The species richness of several taxa (plants, amphibians, dragonflies, damselflies, waterfowl, and songbirds) was assessed and a range of taxonomic biodiversity metrics were compared between gravel pit lakes managed for recreational fisheries (n = 16) and unmanaged reference lakes (n = 10), controlling for non-fishing-related environmental variation.
3. The average species richness of all the taxa examined was similar among lakes in both lake types and no substantial differences in species composition were found when examining the pooled species inventory. Similarly, there were no differences between lake types in the presence of rare species and in the Simpson diversity index across all of the taxa assessed.
4. Variation in species richness among lakes was correlated with woody habitat, lake morphology (surface area and steepness), and land use, but was not correlated with the presence of recreational fisheries. Thus, non-fishing-related environmental variables had stronger effects on local species presence than recreational fisheries management or the presence of recreational anglers.
5. Collectively, no evidence was found that anglers and recreational fisheries management constrain the development of aquatic and riparian biodiversity in gravel pit lakes in the study region; however, the conservation of species diversity in gravel pit lakes could benefit from an increasing reliance on habitat enhancement activities.

     

中国海洋捕捞渔船油污水产生量估算及对策研究

为获知中国海洋捕捞渔船底舱中油污水的产生量,对东部沿海主要渔区海洋捕捞渔船的底舱油污水状况进行了调研和取样,并进行了测算和分析,以进一步推算中国海洋捕捞渔船油污水的年排放总量,并对其进行探讨和对策建议。推算数据显示：全国海洋渔船年总排水量约为136 118 t,全国海洋渔船年总排油量约为5 238 t。研究认为：油污水产生量与船龄不直接相关,船龄在5年以下的渔船情况较好;油污水含油率基本在5%以下,长时间静置后下层水含油率仍高于排放标准;海洋捕捞渔船的油污水产生与日常管理水平关系较大。建议：加强宣传,提高渔民的环保意识;加强监管,减少渔船污染物排放;采取措施,鼓励渔船污染物收集;加强合作,建立各部门协同机制;加强研发,推进渔船底舱油污水技术革新。     

异色瓢虫对松大蚜和板栗大蚜选择效应研究

异色瓢虫是徂徕山林场常见天敌之一,在实验室条件下,测定了异色瓢虫对徂徕山林场2种重要蚜虫板栗大蚜和松蚜的选择效应。结果表明,当2种蚜虫种群数量同步增加,则取决于瓢虫原来的生境和饲喂条件,当板栗大蚜或松蚜种群上升时,则喜好取食种群数量大的蚜虫。     

The behavioural dynamics of fishers: management implications

In pursuing their livelihood, fishers develop strategies when faced with changes in regulations and other fishery conditions. Changes involve each individual in a decision‐making process governed by his/her own goals or constraints. Despite this reality, the complex dynamics of fishing has usually been ignored in designing management initiatives, which has contributed to management failures in many parts of the world. Fishers have generally been treated as fixed elements, with no consideration of individual attitudes based on their operating scales (geographical, ecological, social and economic) and personal goals. We review existing research on the social, economic and behavioural dynamics of fishing to provide insight into fisher behaviour and its implications for fisheries management. Emphasis is placed on fisher perception, and how fishers develop dynamic fishing tactics and strategies as an adaptive response to changes in resource abundance, environmental conditions and market or regulatory constraints. We conclude that knowledge of these dynamics is essential for effective management, and we discuss how such information can be collected, analysed and integrated into fisheries assessment and management. Particular emphasis is placed on small‐scale fisheries, but some examples from industrial fleets are provided to highlight similar issues in different types of fisheries.     

Early Development of the Mandarinfish, Synchiropus splendidus (Callionymidae), with notes on its Fishery and Potential for Culture

The mandarinfish, Synchiropus splendidus, is a small, pelagic-spawning enthic dragonet of the western Pacific. Although popular in the marine aquarium trade, little is known of its fishery or biology. All aquarium-trade animals are currently taken from the wild and the impact of heavy collecting is unknown. The specialized and selective nature of the fishery for mandarinfish is described and its potential to disrupt the mating system identified. As a possible alternative to wild capture and as an aid to sustainable exploitation, egg production and early development relevant to mariculture are described, including egg output, embryo, larva and post-settlement development to 30 days, based on live material. Egg output was determined for 40 females and ranged from 12 to 205 eggs. Embryo and larva development were rapid, with settlement occurring within 14 days at 24–26 °C, and at 3.5 mm TL. The swimbladder is retained in adults. Our limited attempts at raising the mandarinfish to settlement were encouraging and suggest an excellent potential for mariculture with implications for both conservation and improved maintenance of fish in captivity. At present, given that this species is difficult to maintain in captivity, it is only suitable for experienced aquarists. Preliminary diet information is provided. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小兴安岭天然针阔混交林择伐后土壤呼吸动态变化

采用LI-8100土壤CO2排放通量全自动测量系统,针对小兴安岭带岭林业局东方红林场不同择伐强度的针阔混交林样地,测定林地生长季土壤呼吸速率以及10cm土深处的温度和湿度,探讨生长季土壤呼吸的日变化、季节变化和年通量。结果表明：土壤呼吸日变化动态与土壤温度日变化动态基本一致,呈明显的单峰曲线。采伐强度不同间接影响着土壤呼吸速率。研究表明：针阔混交林土壤呼吸速率均值在0．6—8．2μml·m^-2·s^-1之间,高于同纬度其他地区;雨季（6月、7月、8月、9月）土壤呼吸明显大于旱季（5月、10月、11月）;针阔混交林生态系统土壤呼吸不同月份通量值在1．68～18．82mol·m^-2之间,最大值和最小值分别出现在7月和11月。与北半球温带森林生态系统土壤呼吸变化趋势基本一致。2006年针阔混交林生态系统土壤呼吸通量为84．37mol·m^-2,与朝鲜半岛硬阔混交林土壤呼吸相似,但比一些热带地区的结果偏大。     

Diversity of polyporous fungi (Polyporaceae) in northern boreal forests: effects of forest site type and logging intensity

The effects of forest site type and logging intensity on polyporous fungi were studied in subxeric, mesic and herb-rich forests and spruce mires in northern Finland. The species richness of polypores did not follow the fertility gradient of the site types, but was connected with the amount and diversity of coarse woody debris (CWD). The total number of species, and the numbers of indicator and threatened species were equal in subxeric pine forests and in more fertile spruce-dominated stands. The species composition of pine-dominated forests differed conspicuously from that of spruce-dominated site types. The total number of species was not affected by logging intensity, but no virgin forest species or threatened species were found on the sites where the number of cut stumps exceeded 150 stumps ha^?1. Increasing logging intensity decreased the number of polypore observations, indicating reduced substrate availability. The results stress the importance of protecting not only fertile spruce-dominated stands, but also poorer, pine-dominated forests, and sites with high and diverse CWD content.     

酶的选择性纯化及酶解制备木低聚糖的研究

采用沉淀剂的Ｈ处理木聚糖酶及纤维素酶以除去大部分β－木糖苷酶,以及酶解制备木低聚糖的研究结果。研究表明,当酶液中沉淀剂Ｈ的孢和度为５０％时,处理效果最佳。