Decreasing shrimp (Pandalus borealis) sizes off Newfoundland and Labrador – environment or fishing?

During the 1990s, carapace length statistics including minimum size caught (L_min), mean male and female lengths, size at sex transition (L₅₀) and maximum size (L_max) of northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) decreased in commercial and survey catches off Newfoundland and Labrador. Decreased growth rates caused by decreases in per‐capita food availability due to large population increases, exacerbated by increased metabolic demands from higher water temperatures in the mid‐1990s, appear to be the main cause of the size decrease. Fishing could have had an accelerating effect on environmentally driven decreases in shrimp growth and size by ‘cropping’ the largest shrimp from the population. The greatest decreases in shrimp size occurred in Hudson Strait and the adjacent northern shelf, the area which also has the highest densities and largest shrimp. We hypothesize that the greater size decrease here resulted from decreased primary production from decreased nutrient flux into the euphotic zone, caused by increased atmospheric warming, freshwater runoff and stratification during the warming trend of the 1990s.     

金枪鱼围网渔船的设计特点

在收集大量资料的基础上 ,分别就金枪鱼围网鱼船主要尺度的选择、最佳船型的论证、航速性与稳性以及总布置特征进行了阐述 ,并且提供部分近似公式及有关数据以供设计时应用。最后 ,对金枪鱼围网渔船的鱼舱设置及与保鲜方法的关系作了介绍     

Influence of terminal rig configuration on the anatomical hooking location of line-caught yellowfin bream, Acanthopagrus australis

Abstract  Experiments were carried out to test the dependence of anatomical hooking location on terminal rig configuration, and identify strategies by which hook ingestion can be minimised to reduce post-release mortality of angled yellowfin bream, Acanthopagrus australis (Günther). Eighty-five anglers targeted yellowfin bream using different designs and sizes of circle and J hooks and recorded technical, environmental and biological data for each landed fish. Considerably fewer fish (16.6 and 8.5%, respectively) ingested hooks than those hooked in the mouth (82.1 and 88.6%), and a greater percentage of J hooks were ingested than circle hooks or a J hook modified with a 15-mm horizontal bar. Irrespective of hook type, the rate of ingestion also declined with increasing hook weight and decreasing fish size. In cage experiments, significantly more hooks baited with natural soft baits (e.g. intestines and cephalopods) were ingested than those baited with artificial baits, crustaceans or teleosts, while in the field fewer hooks were ingested using artificial bait (e.g. bread and pellets) than terrestrial animals, teleosts, crustaceans, teleost or terrestrial animal intestines, cephalopods or polychaetes. Similarly, rigs with floats, short traces or a sinker only on the hook, along with angling in environments with at least some current reduced ingestion. Based on this study, anglers targeting yellowfin bream should be encouraged to use circle or modified J hooks and, regardless of the hook design, the largest hook size possible attached to short traces or a sinker only and hard baits.     

微电脑在二片式对拖网设计上的应用及捕捞效果分析

本文分析了二片式对拖网设计软件设计的基本原理及渔获效果的对比。结果表明,本软件设计先进、科学,具有良好的适用性、精确性、高度灵活性和快速简便性等优点;利用本软件设计的网具,具有良好的渔获效果。     

遗传算法及其在渔饲料配方中的应用

首先阐述了参数编码、初始群体、适应度函数、遗传操作以及算法控制参数等遗传算法基本原理,然后着重介绍其在渔饲料配方中的应用,在该应用中采用了实数编码、基于线性排名的选择、算术杂交和非一致变异等遗传算法方法。结果表明,在渔饲料配方优化中应用遗传算法要优于目前饲料配方软件中大多采用的常规应用数学的优化方法。主要体现在单位产量饲料配方中的成本价格前者要低于后者。由于遗传算法能够解决因子较多,非线性程度高的问题,从而得出的饲料配方能更好的符合相关鱼种的营养含量标准。     

五指山猪和杜洛克猪全基因组选择信号差异分析

旨在探究五指山猪和杜洛克猪免疫和脂质代谢相关基因的选择信号差异。本研究从海南国家级五指山猪保种场采集30头4月龄健康(10公,20母)五指山猪的耳组织进行全基因组重测序(whole genome sequencing,WGS),从NCBI数据库下载29头杜洛克猪全基因组重测序数据(SRA：PRJNA378496);通过生物信息学方法分析59个样本WGS数据的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNPs),进行SNPs过滤,定位SNPs在基因组的位置,分析其结构特征和基因型频率,并注释对应基因的功能;使用XP-CLR方法筛选五指山猪基因组受到强烈选择的区域,分析两个品种相关通路基因的功能差异。结果表明,五指山猪平均每个样本共筛选到36 961 902个SNPs位点,内含子区域分布最多,平均每个样本16 729 364个,约占45.26%,编码区(起始、终止密码子)平均有2 073个SNPs;五指山猪受选择的基因组区域主要集中在免疫、代谢和神经功能相关通路;免疫反应通路中,9个基因(TGFBR2、IL26、IL15、BMPR2、TNFSF15、TNFSF4、TNFSF8、ACKR4、TNFRSF11B)功能区域SNPs位点在五指山猪中只存在一种突变纯合基因型,而在杜洛克猪大部分个体中存在3种基因型(野生纯合基因型、杂合子、突变纯合基因型),其中野生纯合基因型比例最高;脂类代谢通路中,关键调节基因IRS2、PRKG1、ADCY5的基因型频率与免疫反应基因类似。在五指山猪中突变纯合基因型比例为100%,在杜洛克猪中野生纯合基因型所占比例为48%~93%(14/29-27/29)。本研究筛选出与五指山猪免疫性状相关的候选基因9个、与脂类代谢相关的候选基因3个,发现五指山猪免疫、代谢和神经功能相关基因的受选择程度强于杜洛克猪,为揭示五指山猪特色性状形成的分子机制提供参考。     

"三北"地区国外灌木树种引进

1998—2002年共引进国外灌木种批76个、58种，其中41个种在青海天然分布区之外，为首次引进新属、新种或新品种。将引进种批经催芽处理后，分别按引进年度进行春播或秋播。共有54个种批出苗，占总引进种批的78．9％。分别在理水渡域的西宁和黄河流域的循化两地建立定植圃。西宁定植苗木41种，正常开花结实的有8种；生长正常无干梢的有8种；干梢较严重，但第二年萌发出新枝的有7种；不能越冬巳被淘汰的有3种。循化定植苗木37种，正常开花结实的有9种；生长正常无干梢的有11种；干梢较严重，但第二年萌发出新枝的有4种。在初步选择的适应音海东部的树种中，可用于退耕还林、荒山治理的生态型树种有6种，可用于庭院及四旁绿化的园林型树种有12种。     

肉桂醛催化选择加氢制氢化肉桂醛

采用煤质活性炭作载体,分别用HNO3、H2O2和(NH4)2S2O8进行预处理,然后用浸渍法负载PdCl2,在H2流中还原得到Pd/C催化剂,用于肉桂醛(CAL)选择加氢制氢化肉桂醛(HCAL)的反应。考查了Pd负载量,反应温度和压力对加氢反应的影响,优化了反应条件。进一步考查了助剂Fe、Co、Ni[1]对反应的影响。最终,CAL转化率为98%,HCAL选择性为88%。     

Effects Of Thinning In a Water-Limited Holm Oak Forest

ABSTRACT

A natural holm oak forest was selectively thinned to test thinning as a tool to reduce tree mortality, increase productivity, and reverse the recent regression of the dominant species (Quercus ilex) induced by climate change. Thinning increased aboveground productivity and reduced stem mortality in this Mediterranean forest during four years just after thinning, contributing to the maintenance of forest functioning under changing climatic conditions. Q. ilex was the only species positively affected by the thinning: stem growth increased for all stem sizes, and mortality was significantly lower in thinned plots. On the contrary, mortality rates of Phillyrea latifolia and Arbutus unedo were not significantly lower. Stem growth increased for P. latifolia only in the smallest stem-size class. Our results highlight the suitability of selective thinning for improving the forest productivity and ensuring the conservation of Mediterranean coppices. Other benefits of selective thinning, such as a decrease in the risk of fire dispersion and an increase in the water supply for human populations, are also discussed.     

天然林择伐经营技术的应用研究

按照森林可持续经营的原则，从天然林生态保护角度出发，以福建省永安市为例。利用森林分类经营方法对天然林经营进行科学分类，提出天然林因林因地实行合理的择伐方式是实现天然林可持续发展的有效途径，为天然林择伐经营的具体实施提供科学依据。