Limnology of Macrobrachium amazonicum grow‐out ponds subject to high inflow of nutrient‐rich water and different stocking and harvest management

We evaluated the water characteristics and particle sedimentation in Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller 1862) grow‐out ponds supplied with a high inflow of nutrient‐rich water. Prawns were subject to different stocking and harvesting strategies: upper‐graded juveniles, lower‐graded juveniles, non‐graded juveniles+selective harvesting and traditional farming (non‐grading juveniles and total harvest only). Dissolved oxygen, afternoon N‐ammonia and N‐nitrate and soluble orthophosphate were lower in the ponds in comparison with inflow water through the rearing cycle. Ponds stocked with the upper population fraction of graded prawns showed higher turbidity, total suspended solids and total Kjeldahl nitrogen than the remaining treatments. An increase in the chemical oxygen demand:biochemical oxygen demand ratio from inlet (4.9) to pond (7.1–8.0) waters indicated a non‐readily biodegradable fraction enhancement in ponds. The sedimentation mean rate ranged from 0.08 to 0.16 mm day^?1 and sediment contained >80% of organic matter. The major factors affecting pond ecosystem dynamic were the organic load (due to primary production and feed addition) and bioturbation caused by stocking larger animals. Data suggest that M. amazonicum grow‐out in ponds subjected to a high inflow of nutrient‐rich water produce changes in the water properties, huge accumulation of organic sediment at the pond bottom and non‐readily biodegradable material in the water column. However, the water quality remains suitable for aquaculture purposes. Therefore, nutrient‐rich waters, when available, may represent a source of unpaid nutrients, which may be incorporated into economically valued biomass if managed properly.     

稀有放线菌的选择性分离、鉴定及生物活性研究

聚乳酸(PLA)和丝蛋白粉分别作为选择性碳、氮源可以有效提高稀有放线菌的分离效率,同时海洋环境中蕴藏着丰富的活性稀有放线菌,是发现新药的有效途径。为了筛选并鉴定海洋环境中产生活性物质的稀有放线菌,以聚乳酸和丝蛋白粉分别作为选择性碳、氮源,配制6种分离培养基,用平板稀释法分离放线菌;并用滤纸片法和MTT法对供测菌株发酵产物进行活性筛选。结果表明:共分离出96株稀有放线菌,分属于11个属;其中,80株菌对7种靶标菌显示出一定的抗菌活性;78株菌对肿瘤细胞具有不同程度的细胞毒活性。另外,比较了6种培养基对稀有放线菌的分离效果。从分离结果来看,最理想的是聚乳酸培养基。     

Detection of protease genes in field soil applied with liquid livestock feces and speculation on their function and origin

The origin of soil protease in field soil was estimated using culture-dependent and independent approaches. Overall soil protease activity was much higher in field soils with an annual application of liquid livestock feces (120 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 600 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) compared with the activity recorded in other field soils, and the character of the soil proteases became highly homogeneous (approximately 70% metalloprotease in a 600 t field). Selective incubation studies suggested that bacteria were the most important source of soil protease. There were significantly higher correlations between serratial metalloprotease and the overall soil protease in both feces-applied fields in terms of the effect of inhibitors, and the bacteria, which produced serratial metalloprotease, were suggested to proliferate in both the 120 t and 600 t fields. The gene homologous to serratial metalloprotease gene was amplified in directly extracted DNA from field soils using selective DNA primer and proteolytic Serratia marcescens was certified to be one source of soil protease in these field soils. Proteolytic S. marcescens and its metalloprotease gene have occasionally been isolated and detected in field soils applied with raw feces, and have rarely been isolated or detected from other field soils. Proteolytic S. marcescens is believed to be introduced in the raw feces and subsequently colonizes the field soil and replaces the indigenous bacteria in the soil.     

天然林直径分布的线性表达及其应用

利用非线性函数的线性化方法,使传统的天然林直径分布的反"J"型曲线转化为直线形式,并探讨了直线参数变化的直观表现。通过对长白山天然林123个固定试验地林分直径分布的线性拟合,平均相关系数为0.98,表明天然林的直径分布线性化表达是可行的。可利用参数设计择伐株数和预估采伐前后的直径分布。参数在天然林择伐作业设计中可操作性强,研究结果可以为天然林经营,特别是为择伐作业提供依据。     

合浦珠母贝幼贝生长性状的遗传参数估计

以广东徐闻和海南三亚2个地理群体合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)为亲本, 采用人工授精方法构建了33个全同胞家系。在162日龄时从每个家系随机抽取50个个体, 共1 650个, 测量其壳长、壳高、壳宽和体质量4个生长性状, 利用动物模型对4个性状进行遗传参数分析。结果表明, 合浦珠母贝4个生长性状的总平均值分别为(16.28 ± 4.46) mm、(14.85 ± 4.39) mm、(4.58 ± 1.52) mm、(0.66 ± 0.67) g。4个性状的遗传力分别为0.202 ± 0.020、0.203 ± 0.020、0.200 ± 0.021和0.204 ± 0.020, 均属中等遗传力, 因此可以用选择育种进行遗传改良。4个性状间表型相关系数和遗传相关系数的范围分别为0.667~0.698和0.685~0.959, 其中壳长、壳高和壳宽之间的遗传相关系数均低于0.7, 与表型相关一致, 而三者与体重间的遗传相关系数较高(0.868~0.959), 其中壳宽与体质量间的遗传相关系数最高(0.959)。本研究中合浦珠母贝的4个性状为中等遗传力, 并可通过对壳宽的选育来改良体质量性状。上述结果为进一步开展合浦珠母贝选择育种研究奠定了基础。

     

球孢白僵菌分离培养基的筛选及应用

为获得理想的白僵菌分离培养基,以PPDA培养基作为基础培养基,通过观察白僵菌和杂菌在不同抑菌剂和不同抑菌剂浓度的菌落数,筛选出白僵菌生长良好,杂菌被尽可能抑制的培养基配比。结果表明,在PPDA培养基中添加70 mg/L的多果定,125 mg/L头孢霉素和138 mg/L硫酸卡那霉素为最适筛选培养基。用筛选出的培养基检测白僵菌悬乳剂和颗粒剂在田间施药后30天内的含菌量变化,发现在空气中孢子含量,白僵菌悬乳剂比颗粒剂含量更持久,证明本研究获得的筛选培养基具有实际的应用价值。     

青春双歧杆菌凝固型酸奶研制及选择性培养基比较

以鲜牛奶、白砂糖为主要原料,以青春双歧杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌为发酵剂,制成营养保健的青春双歧杆菌凝固型酸奶.通过试验确定了青春双歧杆菌凝固型酸奶最佳工艺为:白砂糖8%,接种量3%,保加利亚乳杆菌:嗜热链球菌:青春双歧杆菌=1:1:4,发酵4h.结合MRS培养基和LM-MRS培养基可以对青春双歧杆菌凝固型酸奶中...     

盐胁迫对红豆草幼苗生长和离子积累及分配的影响

以3周龄红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)幼苗为材料,研究了不同浓度(0、5、25、50、100和200mmol·L~(-1))NaCl及50mmol·L~(-1)处理不同时间(0、1、3、5、7和9d)对其生长和离子积累及分配的影响,以期解析红豆草响应盐胁迫的生理机制。结果表明,与对照(0mmol·L~(-1))相比,5、25和50 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl对红豆草幼苗生长影响不大;而100和200mmol·L~(-1)明显抑制其生长。随着盐浓度增加,红豆草地上部和根Na+浓度呈显著增加趋势(P0.05),其中50~200mmol·L~(-1)下,地上部Na+浓度较对照增加14~39倍。特别是200mmol·L~(-1)使根Na+净吸收速率较对照增加了35倍,使整株总Na+量和地上部Na+相对分配比例分别增加了93%和45%;而显著降低了根的K+、Na+选择性运输能力。在50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl下,随着处理时间延长,地上部和根Na+浓度也呈逐渐增加趋势,但根中的Na+到7d时达到最大,然后呈下降趋势;相反,K+浓度均呈缓慢下降趋势,且根中的浓度始终高于地上部。由此可见,在5~50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl下,红豆草通过维持其体内K+、Na+稳态平衡抵御盐胁迫;而在100和200 mmol·L~(-1)下,红豆草地上部积累大量Na+,但其叶片Na+区域化及K+选择性转运能力较弱,导致植株体内Na+、K+稳态紊乱,产生离子毒害,从而抑制其生长。     

选择性氧化棉纤维的力学性能研究

采用高碘酸钠溶液对棉纤维进行选择性氧化处理,通过控制氧化反应条件,研究了高碘酸钠浓度、氧化反应时间、处理温度等因素对棉纤维力学性能的影响.结果表明,棉纤维经高碘酸钠氧化后产生重量损失,轻度氧化的棉纤维断裂强度基本不变,而深度氧化的棉纤维断裂强度下降,且这一趋势随着棉纤维氧化度的提高更加明显.     

梨抗黑星病AFLP标记筛选

 Pear scab caused by Venturia nashicola is one of the most destructive diseases of pears. Molecular markers linked to scab resistance gene is expected to be useful for improving pear. In this study, the F₁ population derived from the cross of ‘Huangguan’ and ‘Yali’ was analyzed genetically. The resistance of pear to scab was proved to be controlled by a single gene in a dominant manner. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was conducted to screen 64 fluorescent AFLP primer pairs. A marker designated as D3-365 was found to be linked to the resistant locus. Selective genotype linkage analysis showed that the genetic distance between the marker and the resistant locus was 14.9 cM.