Reducing sea turtle by-catch in pelagic longline fisheries

Reducing by‐catch of sea turtles in pelagic longline fisheries, in concert with activities to reduce other anthropogenic sources of mortality, may contribute to the recovery of marine turtle populations. Here, we review research on strategies to reduce sea turtle by‐catch. Due to the state of management regimes in most longline fisheries, strategies to reduce turtle interactions must not only be effective but also must be commercially viable. Because most research has been initiated only recently, many results are not yet peer‐reviewed, published or readily accessible. Moreover, most experiments have small sample sizes and have been conducted over only a few seasons in a small number of fisheries; many study designs preclude drawing conclusions about the independent effect of single factors on turtle by‐catch and target catch rates; and few studies consider effects on other by‐catch species. In the US North Atlantic longline swordfish fishery, 4.9‐cm wide circle hooks with fish bait significantly reduced sea turtle by‐catch rates and the proportion of hard‐shell turtles that swallowed hooks vs. being hooked in the mouth compared to 4.0‐cm wide J hooks with squid bait without compromising commercial viability for some target species. But these large circle hooks might not be effective or economically viable in other longline fisheries. The effectiveness and commercial viability of a turtle avoidance strategy may be fishery‐specific, depending on the size and species of turtles and target fish and other differences between fleets. Testing of turtle avoidance methods in individual fleets may therefore be necessary. It is a priority to conduct trials in longline fleets that set gear shallow, those overlapping the most threatened turtle populations and fleets overlapping high densities of turtles such as those fishing near breeding colonies. In addition to trials using large 4.9‐cm wide circle hooks in place of smaller J and Japan tuna hooks, other fishing strategies are under assessment. These include: (i) using small circle hooks (≤ 4.6‐cm narrowest width) in place of smaller J and Japan tuna hooks; (ii) setting gear below turtle‐abundant depths; (iii) single hooking fish bait vs. multiple hook threading; (iv) reducing gear soak time and retrieval during daytime; and (v) avoiding by‐catch hotspots through fleet communication programmes and area and seasonal closures.     

福建海区浮游植物种类组成及数量分布特点

根据2003～2004年福建海区春季和夏季2个季度月浮游植物调查资料,分析和研究了该调查海区浮游植物种类组成和数量分布特点。结果表明:经鉴定浮游植物共有111种,其中硅藻类81种,占总种数的73.0%;浮游植物总生物量分布夏季比春季高,春季平均值为30.9×10~4 ind·m~(-3),夏季为2645.6×10~4 ind·m~(-3);春季总生物量以闽东渔场最高,闽中渔场最低,夏季则相反,随着暖流势力的增强,闽中、闽南-台湾浅滩总浮游植物生物量剧增,以闽南-台湾浅滩最高,闽中渔场其次,且密集区明显,最高生物量超过40000×10~4 ind·m~(-3);从数量组成看,以热带近海性种和热带外海高盐性种占绝对优势,优势种为劳氏角毛藻、掌状冠盖藻、斯托根管藻、铁氏束毛藻、汉氏束毛藻、地中海指管藻等;整个海区优势种明显,数量高,多样性指数和均匀度指数都较低;总生物量密集区与浮游动物密集区相一致,大部分为拖网、灯光围网等作业的主要渔场;与历史资料和邻近海域相比较,优势度指数年间变化较大,数量明显增加,但生物量密集区变化不大。     

饲料中添加活性酵母制剂对刺参生长、免疫力和抗病力的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加活性酵母制剂对刺参生长、免疫力和抗病力的影响。采用单因素试验设计,通过在商品配合饲料中分别添加0(对照)、0.025%、0.050%、0.100%、0.200%和0.400%的活性酵母制剂,配制6种试验饲料,饲喂平均初始体重为(4.0±0.1)g的刺参6周。每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复放养15头刺参。6周的养殖试验结束后,每个重复选取10头刺参,每头刺参通过体壁注射灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)菌悬液0.1 m L(菌悬液浓度为1.5×109CFU/m L),观察记录灿烂弧菌攻毒14 d内的累计死亡率。结果表明:饲料中添加活性酵母制剂能显著提高刺参的特定生长率(P0.05),刺参特定生长率在添加量为0.200%时最高。饲料中添加活性酵母制剂后,刺参体腔液中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著增加(P0.05);活性酵母制剂添加量为0.050%~0.400%时,刺参体腔液中溶菌酶(LZM)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);活性酵母制剂添加量为0.200%~0.400%时,刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);活性酵母制剂添加量为0.400%时,刺参体腔液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。饲料中添加活性酵母制剂可降低攻毒14 d后刺参的累计死亡率,活性酵母制剂添加量为0.200%时,累计死亡率最低。由此可知,在本试验条件下,饲料中添加活性酵母制剂可促进刺参生长,提高免疫力和抗病力。综合分析刺参的生长、免疫力和抗病力以及实际生产情况,刺参饲料中活性酵母制剂的适宜添加量为0.200%~0.400%。     

引入养殖俄罗斯红参线粒体全序列结构与分析

本研究通过高通量测序技术对引入养殖的俄罗斯红参(Apostichopus japonicus)线粒体全基因组进行随机测序并分析,结果显示,俄罗斯红参线粒体基因组全长为16111 bp,共含有37个基因,包括22个tRNA、2个rRNA (l-rRNA和s-rRNA)和13个蛋白编码基因。全序列共存在24处基因间隔和5处基因重叠区。蛋白编码基因与全序列的碱基使用均表现出A、T偏倚。13个蛋白编码基因的密码子完整,除ND1以GTG为起始密码子外,其他均以ATN为起始密码子;终止密码子都是完整密码子,除ND2与ND4的终止密码子分别为TTG与TAG外,其他终止密码子以TAA为主;氨基酸频率最高为丝氨酸Ser(S),其次为亮氨酸Leu(L)。22个tRNA长度范围为66~72 bp,2个基因存在重复,且21个基因能预测其三叶草结构。l-rRNA与s-rRNA的长度与位置不同,对碱基的使用相似。蛋白编码基因的基因排列与海参纲(Holothuroidea)、海胆纲(Echinoidea)排列顺序相同,并与海星纲(Asteroidea)及蛇尾纲(Ophiuroidea)共享基因模块。BLAST分析表明,俄罗斯红参与仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)同源性最高。不同海参遗传距离分析发现,俄罗斯红参与3个海域仿刺参最为接近。基于最大似然法分别根据氨基酸与核苷酸序列构建的系统发生树显示,基于核苷酸序列的建树结果更符合亲缘关系较近的海参种类间的分析。引入养殖俄罗斯红参线粒体全序列结构与分析可为后续俄罗斯红参的遗传研究及种质应用提供支持。     

福建连江县东南部海域养殖贝类质量安全评估

根据2009年4月、6月和8月进行的连江县东南部贝类生产区域类别划分调查资料,着重对黑鲍、紫贻贝、僧帽牡蛎、太平洋牡蛎、缢蛏、菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤等养殖贝类体中有毒有害物质( Cu、Pb、Cd、总汞、无机砷、石油烃、滴滴涕、多氯联苯、大肠杆菌、腹泻性贝类毒素(DSP)、麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP))的含量进行分析,结果表明:连...     

古雷海区吊养鲍鱼死亡情况调查

本文通过对古雷鲍鱼养殖区的海区状况、渔排分布情况、养殖密度、死鲍症状、过程、程度以及苗种来源、饲料种类、饲养管理等方面进行全面的调查,了解吊养鲍鱼的死亡情况和发病规律。通过分析,认为导致此次鲍鱼非正常死亡是由气候恶劣、养殖密度过高、海区环境恶化、种质退化等几个因素引起的,同时针对养殖鲍非正常死亡的原因,提出了避免类似事件再次发生的对策和建议。     

闽东渔场光诱鱿鱼敷网渔业现状

根据2004—2005年闽东渔场鱿鱼灯光敷网作业技术试验和鱿鱼资源调查项目的资料结合近年来闽东地区鱿鱼敷网生产监测资料,对闽东渔场鱿鱼敷网生产进行分析,结果表明近年来闽东地区鱿鱼敷网发展十分迅速,形成了一定的产业规模,渔场范围位于北纬26°00′-28°00′,东经121°30′-125°00′海域;渔期每年的4—10月,旺汛为6～8月。主要渔获物组成为枪乌贼类、鲐鳄鱼、纯科类和扁舵鲣、其年间所占比重变化很大;本文还对其中部分主要渔获种类的生物学特性进行分析。总体来看,闽东渔场的光诱敷网具有一定的发展前景,但不宜过度发展,建议不要过早的捕捞产卵群体和过度捕捞幼体枪乌贼。     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement on growth and carcass proximate composition of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer)

An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of dietary fish oil replacement at an optimal level on the growth and carcass proximate composition of juvenile barramundi or sea bass (Lates calcarifer). Ten fish feeds were formulated to contain iso‐ingredients with theoretically identical dietary lipid levels but with different sources of lipids (fish oil, soybean oil, canola oil and linseed oil) replacing dietary fish oil. Three hundred fish were equally divided into 30 70‐L plastic tanks (three replicate tanks for each treatment). Fish were fed with experimental diets for 40 days within closed recirculating freshwater systems (70 L h^?1, 28°C and 12L:12D). Growth, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass proximate composition were determined. Dietary lipids significantly affected (P<0.05) the growth of the fish. Good growth and low FCR were observed in all treatments. Therefore, fish oils can be partially replaced by vegetable oils to reduce the feed cost. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in lipid, moisture and protein content in fish carcasses among the group. However, juvenile barramundi showed increasing lipid and moisture content in muscle, whereas decreasing protein content when compared to the initial fish.     

Grow‐out culture of abalone Haliotis tuberculata coccinea Reeve,fed land‐based IMTA produced macroalgae,in a combined fish/abalone offshore mariculture system: effect of stocking density

Haliotis tuberculata coccinea has been identified as a target species for European aquaculture development, in order to fulfil the rising demand for abalone. The effects of different stocking densities on the growth performance, feed utilization and survival of two different initial size groups (30 and 40 mm) of abalones, during the final grow‐out to cocktail/market size (45–60 mm), were determined over a 6‐month period. Trials were performed in abalone cages installed in a commercial open‐sea cages fish farm. Animals were fed the red algae Gracilaria cornea and the green one Ulva rigida, both obtained from a land‐based integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture system. Survival rates were very high (94–98%) regardless the density employed. Sustained high linear growth was recorded both in shell and weight. However, a 17–19% reduction in weight gain was obtained by doubling the initial stocking density, suggesting a higher competition for space or food. Nevertheless, the high growth performance (70–94   μm day^?1; 250–372% weight gain) and survival attained, even at high densities, denoted the suitability of the offshore mariculture system as well as the biofilter produced macroalgae for grow‐out culture of H. tuberculata coccinea that overall could reach cocktail/commercial size in only 18–22 months.     

我国养龟业现状及特点

自2003~2006年,采取普查与重点调查相结合的方法,对我国16个省的龟类养殖种类、面积、数量和养殖模式等状况进行了调查。截至2006年12月,中国养殖龟类动物49种,其中43种属曲颈亚目(Cryp-todires),6种属侧颈龟亚目(Pleurodires)。养殖面积在5.333万~10万hm2,种龟存栏量为200万~400万只,每年孵化龟苗(3~4)×107只。已有29种龟类获得子一代,7种获得子二代,2种获得子三代。基于调查结果,对当前我国养龟业的驯养繁殖特点及发展进行了探讨。