Apparent digestibility coefficients of feed ingredients and their predictability in compound diets for gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L.

Apparent digestibility of crude protein, amino acids, lipid, carbohydrate and energy was measured for a range of feed ingredients fed to gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L. — fish meal, poultry meal, meat meal, blood meal, squid meal, extracted soyabean and wheat flour. Chromic oxide was used as a non-absorbed reference substance and faeces were collected by stripping. Diets compounded from mixtures of these ingredients were then used to examine the possibility of predicting the digestibility of formulated diets.
Apparent digestibility of crude protein ranged from 79% to 90%, lipids from 83% to 95% and energy from 72% to 88% in the different ingredients. Apparent digestibility of carbohydrates was lower and ranged from 49% to 77%. Apparent digestibility of amino acids was higher than that of crude protein and differences were found among digestibilities of individual amino acids.
Tests conducted using five compound diets indicated that ingredient digestibility was additive for protein, amino acids, lipids and energy, whereas the digestibility of carbohydrates in the compound feeds was slightly lower than predicted.
Diets for Sparus aurata may thus be formulated on the basis of digestibility of individual ingredients.     

The effects of climate variability on zooplankton and basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) relative abundance off southwest Britain

At small spatial scales basking sharks (Cetorhinus maximus) forage selectively on zooplankton along thermal fronts, but the factors influencing broader scale patterns in their abundance and distribution remain largely unknown. Using long‐term sightings data collected off southwest Britain between 1988 and 2001, we show that the number of basking sharks recorded was highly correlated with abiotic factors, principally sea surface temperature (SST) and the lagged effect of SST in the previous month, but only very weakly to zooplankton density. This suggests that the changes in number of basking sharks recorded over large spatio‐temporal scales are more closely related to the availability of climate‐driven thermal resources than prey availability, whereas the converse is supported by previous studies at local scales. Taken together, these results imply scale‐dependent behavioural responses in basking sharks, with small‐scale foraging movements linked by broad scale responses to temperature variation.     

Genetic characterization of populations of the ectoparasitic caligid, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer 1837) using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA

Genetic variability within salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Caligidae: Copepoda), populations parasitizing farmed and wild Scottish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was investigated using analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments. Seven individual decamer primers were used to analyse samples of salmon lice collected from 15 different locations in Scotland. The polymerase chain reaction products were separated using agarose gel electrophoresis and the resulting band patterns were analysed using a semi‐automated analytical scoring system. Dendrograms were produced using the unweighted pair‐group average (UPGMA) method using Dice similarity values. The summary dendrogram of the analysis of all RAPD bands showed two separate clusters of salmon lice, the larger being sub‐divided into a further two sections. The collections of lice occupying each of these sub‐divisions, however, were a mix of sites, which did not exhibit a structured geographical pattern.     

Sea lice treatments, management practices and sea lice sampling methods on Atlantic salmon farms in the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada

Proper monitoring of all stages of sea lice is imperative to ensure the strategic timing of treatments. Although sea lice receive close attention and management for production purposes, there are no regulations for the reporting of lice burdens on salmon farms in Atlantic Canada, nor are there officially standardized protocols for conducting sea lice counts in the field. The purpose of this study was to complete a survey of Atlantic salmon farms in the Bay of Fundy, NB, Canada. The survey addressed many aspects of sea lice monitoring and control, including methods for sea lice sampling at the site, types of treatments administered for control of sea lice and management practices and decisions regarding the control of sea lice. A total of 83 surveys were completed from July to December 2002. Twelve of the 60 respondents owned and/or operated more than one site and completed a survey for each of their sites at the time of the interview. The position of individuals surveyed included 48 site managers (representing 63 sites), three site owners (representing 11 sites), eight individuals who were both owner and manager (representing nine sites) and one site veterinarian (representing one site). Surveys were completed on 30 sites from the Limekiln Bay and surrounding areas, 23 sites from Grand Manan Island, 18 sites from Deer Island, six sites from Campobello Island and six sites from Passamaquoddy Bay. Fish farmers, in concert with their veterinarians, generally perform intensive monitoring and control practices. However, there is a continued reliance on emamectin benzoate (SLICE^®) for sea lice control on Atlantic salmon farms in the Bay of Fundy, which raises concerns regarding the potential for sea lice to develop resistance to the drug.     

22种海水鱼中ACEI的制备及其化学修饰

以取自中国黄海的22种鱼类为研究对象，测定其鱼肉组织上清液的酶解物对血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）的抑制作用。从6种商业用酶和1种新型海洋低温碱性蛋白酶（MLAP）中，筛选出MLAP作为酶解制备ACEI的理想水解酶。以该酶水解上述22种海水鱼鱼肉组织上清液，并将水解液经Sephadex G-25凝胶层析和DEAE Sepharose阴离子交换层析，得到ACEI纯品。测定各类ACEI体外抑制ACE的活性发现，这22种海水鱼中以缇鱼（Engraulis japonicus）所产ACEI活性最高，其余鱼类无显著差异。以缇鱼制备血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂（ACEI-22），并对ACEI-22作进一步研究，结果发现，ACEI-22对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）有降压效果，但不显著；ACEI-22经聚乙二醇化学修饰后，修饰率为68％，且给药SHR后，大鼠收缩压显著降低，与相同条件下同剂量的卡托普利的降压效果相当。故聚乙二醇修饰的ACEI-22可有效地降低SHR的血压。     

Abnormalities of the operculum in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): morphological description

The authors studied a population of 582 gilthead sea breams (Sparus aurata), aged 25–600 days, in order to describe the abnormalities of the opercular complex.

Particular attention was paid to: (1) the different degrees of abnormality of the opercular complex as a whole and of the individual dermal bones (preopercle, interopercle, subopercle and opercle) that compose it; (2) the ways in which the operculum folds into the gill cavity and the relevant histological characteristics. This study discusses the origin and nature of the abnormalities.

Though these abnormalities have a major impact on market value and product image, and are often linked to other disorders in fish, they are still difficult to eliminate. Gaining a basic understanding of these abnormalities will be a first step towards reducing their occurrence.     

Tolerance of juvenile black sea bass Centropristis striata to acute ammonia and nitrite exposure at various salinities

ABSTRACT:   Experiments were conducted to determine the acute tolerance of juvenile (mean weight ± standard error, 9.9 ± 0.9 g) black sea bass Centropristis striata to environmental un-ionized ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N) and nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂-N) exposure at various salinities. Specifically, median lethal concentrations (LC50 values) of NH₃-N and NO₂-N at 24, 48 and 96 h of exposure were determined at salinities of 10, 20 and 30 g/L at 22°C. With the exception of LC50 values determined at 48 h, median lethal concentrations of NH₃-N to black sea bass were not influenced by environmental salinity; 24, 48, and 96 h LC50 values ranged from 0.81 to 0.85, 0.65–0.77, and 0.46–0.54 mg-NH₃-N/L, respectively. In contrast, tolerance of black sea bass to environmental NO₂-N was compromised at reduced salinities. Median lethal concentrations of NO₂-N to fish at 24, 48 and 96 h of exposure ranged from 288.3 to 429.0, 258.4 to 358.8 and 190.0 to 241.9 mg-NO₂-N/L, respectively. Results indicate that while juvenile black sea bass are relatively sensitive to acute NH₃-N exposure, they are highly resistant to NO₂-N exposure.     

面向“海归”的高校图书馆服务工作研究

随着中国经济和社会各项事业的发展以及对外交流规模的不断扩大,越来越多的海外留学人员,简称"海归",选择回国发展。目前,国内高校教师和科研人员中"海归"的比例不断升高,他们已成为高校教学和科研的主力军。文章以高校图书馆如何做好面向"海归"的服务工作为出发点,分析了国内外高校图书馆服务工作的现状,提出为"海归"读者做好图书信息服务工作的切实可行的措施。     

基于无线传感网络的海参苗养殖环境监测系统的研究

本文通过分析海参苗养殖现状,设计了一种基于无线传感网络的海参苗养殖环境监测系统。通过在监测区域部署传感器节点,监测养殖池中的的温度、盐度、溶解氧及水位等环境参数。将检测到的数据无线发射到远程监测软件,监测软件将分析结果反馈给末端执行机构,实现对养殖池环境的实时监控。本文从系统结构和数据传输等方面进行了阐述,对海参苗养殖的自动化生产提供了一种有效可行、成本较低的解决方案。