Effect of dietary supplemental l‐carnitine on growth performance,body composition and antioxidant status in juvenile black sea bream,Sparus macrocephalus

Effects of dietary l ‐carnitine were studied in juvenile black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus). The semipurified basal diet [crude protein 450 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM); crude lipid 126 g kg^?1 DM] was formulated to choose white fishmeal as the protein source and fish oil plus corn oil (1 : 1) as the lipid source. Six diets (control + diets 1–5) containing 0.1, 0.12, 0.16, 0.24, 0.39 and 1.1 g of l ‐carnitine kg^?1 diet were fed to triplicate groups of black sea bream (initial weight 13.10 ± 0.05 g) for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance, body composition and antioxidant status were determined. The results showed that relative growth rate (RGR) was significantly improved by the elevation of dietary l ‐carnitine level from 0.1 to 0.24 g kg^?1, but decreased with further increment (P < 0.05). Lipid content decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the dorsal muscle whereas increased (P < 0.05) in the liver with the addition of dietary l ‐carnitine. Dietary l ‐carnitine supplements elevated enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione‐S‐transferase, GST) activities (P < 0.05) yet decreased the content of non‐enzymatic factor, total sulphydryl groups (TSH) (P < 0.05). In summary, the optimum dietary l ‐carnitine level was 0.284 g kg^?1 diet by second‐polynomial regression analysis based on RGR (y = ?647.4x² +367.97x + 234.55; R² = 0.977, x = dietary l ‐carnitine levels, y = RGR), and dietary l ‐carnitine addition within the levels adopted in our study could depress lipid peroxidation in tissues of juvenile black sea bream.     

Observation of three‐dimensional flow structures and effluent transport around fish cages using a towed ADCP and free‐fall multi‐parameter profiler

A field campaign was conducted around salmon cages, using a combination of a towed ADCP and a free‐fall multi‐parameter profiler, in order to investigate flow structures and the possible distribution of effluent materials. Two transect observations showed that hydrographic conditions changed dramatically within 5 days, from highly stratified open water conditions to weak stratification. Three‐dimensional observation revealed that flow was blocked behind the cages and that the blockage was reduced as the distance from the cages increased. The flow speed was positively correlated with the intensity of the backscattering signal. The R² value was high immediately behind the cages and decreased with distance from the cages. The flow time series behind the cages exhibited a k^–2 power law spectrum that was consistent with a typical internal wave spectrum. This suggests that eddies shed from the cages were highly influenced by stratification. We estimated the rate of kinetic energy dissipation, , from YODA Profiler data based on the Thorpe scale approach. We also estimated the eddy diffusivity coefficient, . Both and followed a lognormal probability density function. The mean was consistent with a one‐dimensional diffusion model assessed from the R² values of flow speed and backscatter intensity.     

Piscine reovirus (PRV) in wild Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L., and sea‐trout,Salmo trutta L., in Norway

This is the first comprehensive study on the occurrence and distribution of piscine reovirus (PRV) in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., caught in Norwegian rivers. PRV is a newly discovered reovirus associated with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), a serious and commercially important disease affecting farmed Atlantic salmon in Norway. A cross‐sectional survey based on real‐time RT‐PCR screening of head kidney samples from wild, cultivated and escaped farmed Atlantic salmon caught from 2007 to 2009 in Norwegian rivers has been conducted. In addition, anadromous trout (sea‐trout), Salmo trutta L., caught from 2007 to 2010, and anadromous Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), caught from 2007 to 2009, were tested. PRV was detected in Atlantic salmon from all counties included in the study and in 31 of 36 examined rivers. PRV was also detected in sea‐trout but not in anadromous Arctic char. In this study, the mean proportion of PRV positives was 13.4% in wild Atlantic salmon, 24.0% in salmon released for stock enhancement purposes and 55.2% in escaped farmed salmon. Histopathological examination of hearts from 21 PRV‐positive wild and one cultivated salmon (Ct values ranging from 17.0 to 39.8) revealed no HSMI‐related lesions. Thus, it seems that PRV is widespread in Atlantic salmon returning to Norwegian rivers, and that the virus can be present in high titres without causing lesions traditionally associated with HSMI.     

基于海表面温度SST的剩余产量模型评估太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群资源

选择5—9月的平均海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)作为环境因子,采用Schaefer模型和Fox模型对太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群渔获量进行评价。假设ΔU(观测和预测单位捕捞努力量渔获量残差)是由SST引起的,从而将SST引入太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群的评估模型中。根据1960年以来太平洋褶柔鱼秋生群渔业整体发展情况,以1993和2003年为界对1985—2014年的总渔获量进行分段分析,分别为:1985—1993年、1994—2002年和2003—2014年。根据是否引入SST和引入SST后是否分段,分别构建了3个Schaefer模型和3个Fox模型。结果显示,分段Schaefer model-SST的拟合效果最好,ΔU与SST显著负线性相关(P0.05),渔获量在18～23℃会随温度升高而降低。建议:模型建立过程中应根据不同时间段的情况不同而进行分段分析,这样可以提高拟合效果;用分段Schaefer model-SST对未来渔获量进行评估,以期对相关资源管理起到一定的借鉴意义。     

盐度骤降对幼仿刺参生长、免疫指标及呼吸树组织结构的影响

在水温为10.0-13.0℃下,将暂养在盐度为33水中的仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus幼参（2.42 g和3.5 g）直接放入盐度为33、30、26、22的塑料水槽（50 cm×40 cm×30 cm）中,过量投喂,正常饲养,研究了盐度骤降对幼参存活、生长、某些免疫指标及呼吸树组织学的影响。结果表明：在60 d饲养过程中,各组幼参的排脏率为2.23%-11.11%,盐度为33时,幼参的排脏率显著低于盐度为30时（P〈0.05）,而与盐度为26和22时差异均不显著（P〉0.05）;但生长却随着盐度的降低而降低,盐度为30和26时,幼参的生长速度分别比盐度为33时减少了5.0%和62.5%,表明盐度为26时是明显抑制幼参生长的拐点;随着盐度的降低,各试验组幼参体腔液上清液中溶菌酶活力升高,超氧化物歧化酶活力降低,但均未检测出酸性磷酸酶的活性。盐度为29时,幼参体腔上皮细胞逐渐消失,内皮层中出现大量空泡,血腔不明显,中央腔变小;盐度为24、18时,幼参体腔上皮细胞增多,血腔增厚,内皮层细胞向中央腔延伸。     

滨海新区一次气旋型风暴潮的成因分析

从天气系统、数值预报、风暴潮增水特征等方面,对2008年8月22日滨海新区发生的一次风暴潮的原因进行了分析。分析表明,由于黄海气旋在东移过程中引起渤海偏东风,对滨海新区产生风增水,同时黄海北部的风增水造成的风暴潮波经渤海海峡呈逆时针传向渤海西岸堆积,并与天文高潮位叠加,实况潮位高达5.18 m。     

国土空间详细规划现状底图底数转换方法研究

统一底图底数是编制各类空间规划的重要前提和基础,第三次国土调查数据作为当前权威性最高、现势性最强的国土空间利用现状数据,所采用的工作分类与国土空间规划采用的用地用海分类存在较大差异。本文通过对工作分类和用地用海分类进行衔接分析,提出了基于第三次国土调查数据的国土空间详细规划现状底图底数转换的总体技术思路、关键技术方法。     

我国海洋牧场建设回顾与展望

海洋牧场是基于海洋生态学原理和现代海洋工程技术,充分利用自然生产力,在特定海域科学培育和管理渔业资源而形成的人工渔场。海洋牧场的特点包括以增加渔业资源量为目的、具有明确的边界和权属、苗种主要来源于人工育苗或驯化、通过放流或移植进入自然海域、主要以天然饵料为食和对资源实施科学管理等。早在1965年,我国学者曾呈奎先生就原创性地提出在海洋中通过人工控制种植或养殖海洋生物,建设"牧场"的理念。上世纪八十年代以来,我国海洋牧场经历了从增殖放流、人工鱼礁建设到系统化的海洋牧场发展过程,在取得巨大成就的同时,也面临着海洋牧场的涵义应用过于宽泛、缺乏统筹规划和科学论证、忽视海洋牧场生态作用以及忽视项目评估和系统管理等问题。展望未来,我国的海洋牧场建设应在"生态优先、陆海统筹、三产贯通、四化同步、创新跨越"的发展理念指导下,加强海洋牧场建设的宏观引导、推动海洋牧场体系化建设、实施海洋牧场企业化运营,在获得经济效益的同时,实现产业繁荣和保持健康生态系统的和谐统一。     

气相色谱内标法测定沙棘果肉油和种子油中的主要脂肪酸

以5个沙棘(Hippopha觕rhamnoides L.)品种的果实为试材,建立气相色谱内标法测定沙棘果肉油和种子油主要脂肪酸成分的方法。果肉油和种子油采用氯仿-甲醇法提取,甲醇钠-甲醇法甲酯化衍生后进行定性和定量。结果表明,十九烷酸甲酯是气相色谱法测定沙棘果实中脂肪酸成分含量的理想内标物。果肉油和种子油中的主要脂肪酸为棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸。果肉油中棕榈油酸(36.25%)和棕榈油酸(28.92%)含量高,α-亚麻酸含量低;种子油中亚油酸(33.65%)和α-亚麻酸(32.95%)含量高,棕榈油酸含量低。5个品种沙棘的果肉油和种子油中主要脂肪酸的组成及含量存在一定的差异。亚历山大12号果肉油中的脂肪酸含量最高,为84.84 g/100 g油;无刺丰种子油中的脂肪酸含量最高,为88.39 g/100 g油。该方法操作简便、快速、重复性好,适合沙棘油脂样品中脂肪酸的定量测定。