中国深海鱼类区系组成的研究

本文根据作者多年的调查研究，对所得栖息水深２００￣１１００ｍ的鱼类３５０种（包括５０余种我国新记录），结合有关文献资料增录１８２种，共整理出中国深海鱼类５３２种，就这些种类对中国深海鱼类的区系组成作出初步的研究，并对这些种类的优势种、地理分布、水深分布作了初步分析。     

北太平洋公海秋刀鱼生物学特性初步研究

根据2004年7月-11月西北太平洋秋刀鱼探捕调查的生物学数据，通过统计回归方法分析了秋刀鱼的性腺成熟度，摄食等级，性比，叉长分布，又长和体重、净重关系。结果为：性成熟度为Ⅱ期的占52．96％；摄食等级主要为2级和3级，占72．91％；性比接近1：1；体长范围为186～340mm，优势体长组为220～280mm；雌性的又长略大于雄性；群体可能属于两个不同群体，生长参数大于3。     

Growth rates,establishment, and effects on herbage yield of introduced earthworms in grassland on reclaimed cutover peat

Summary Lumbricus terrestris L. juveniles confined in nylon mesh bags grew at mean rates of 6–12 mg ind^–1 day^–1 in reclaimed peat grassland soil, while the growth rates of Aporrectodea caliginosa (Sav.) juveniles were 1.5–2.1 mg ind^–1 day^–1. Earthworm population densities exceeding 700 m² had become established within 1 year adjacent to sods transplanted from an old pasture, while microplots enclosed in nylon mesh cages had mean population densities of 318–408 earthworms m^–2 and biomass of 89–111 g m^–2 3–4 1/2 years after inoculation. Herbage yields were 25% greater in the 2nd year and 49% greater in the 3rd year in earthworm-inoculated microplots which received an annual application of cattle slurry compared with similarly fertilized, non-inoculated cages.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

Intensive beach management as an improved sea turtle conservation strategy in Mexico

We evaluate the role of intensive beach management, meaning intense patrolling and nest reburial to a central hatchery, as a strategy for improving the success of sea turtle conservation at nesting sites in Mexico. We report the results of an experimental program at Playa Cuixmala, Jalisco, western Mexico. Sea turtle conservation efforts in Mexico have, in general, poor results because of lack of funds, which leads to insufficient beach protection and severe negative effects of nest removal on hatching success and sex ratios. Alternative strategies are needed to optimize limited resources. We predicted that intensive beach management, which included intense patrolling and careful nest reburial, could be an effective way to maximize nest survival and hatchling release under limited financial and human resources. The results of our 9-year study were very positive. Survival rate increased several fold during the study period. Hatching success and sex ratios were not significantly different between in-situ and removed nests. Survival in removed nests was, however, much higher that in-situ nests, because of predation and beach erosion. In total, the small (3 km length) Playa Cuixmala became the second most productive sea turtle nesting beach in the region because of these concentrated efforts. Intense beach management can be an important technique for sea turtle conservation, and can be properly applied to small beaches or the most productive sections of large beaches.     

Expectations for population growth at new breeding locations for the vulnerable New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) using a simulation model

Management plans for threatened or recovering large vertebrate species that are increasing in population size and range focus on the establishment of viable populations within set temporal limits. New Zealand (Hookers) sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) were declared a threatened species in 1997, and New Zealand legislation requires that threatened species of marine mammals must be managed to reduce human-induced mortality and achieve a non-threatened status within 20 years. The present breeding distribution of P. hookeri is highly localised, with over 95% of total annual pup production located at Auckland Islands and almost all of the remainder at Campbell Island. Breeding elsewhere has been ephemeral or restricted to <10 adult females. The only recorded sustainable breeding at a new location has been at Otago, South Island, New Zealand. This breeding population consisted of a total of four breeding females in 2002 and is derived from one immigrant female that gave birth to her first pup in the 1993/1994 breeding season. The New Zealand Department of Conservation management plan specifies that to achieve a non-threatened status P. hookeri (1) at Otago must increase in the number of breeding females to ?10, and (2) must establish ?two new breeding locations within the 20-year time frame, each with ?10 breeding females. This study 1) projects the population growth trends at a new location (Otago) to see if it will achieve ?10 breeding females within the legislated time frame, and (2) examines the likelihood that other breeding locations will establish elsewhere given the demographic information available for this species. We present 20 deterministic and three stochastic Leslie matrix model scenarios for female population growth for the initial years following the start of breeding at a new location. Our results indicate that (1) a new breeding population derived from one immigrant female is unlikely to reach 10 breeding females in 20 years; this duration is more likely to be 23-41 years (deterministic models) or 23-26 years (stochastic model), (2) the likelihood of two new sites establishing within 20 years is unquantifiable, but the probability is low, and (3) if the legislated outcome and time limit are not revised in the population management plan, the feasibility and effectiveness of re-locating young females could be investigated.     

基于GIS的海洋气象综合观测应用平台系统设计

在海洋气象浮标站提供的海量海上气象水文资料准确性不断提高,对近海海域灾害性天气和气候变化预测预警能力的不断增强的前提下,提出了以GIS技术作为系统基础,选用C/S(Client/Sever)开发模式,以C#作为开发语言,设计了基于GIS的海洋气象综合观测应用平台系统。结果表明,该系统运行效果良好,采用GIS技术极大地提高了系统的信息管理能力、动态分析能力以及对近海海域灾害性天气的预警能力。     

采用改进SSD网络的海参目标检测算法

随着海参养殖业快速发展,利用水下机器人代替人工作业的海参智能捕捞已成为发展趋势。浅海环境复杂,海参体色与环境区分性差、海参呈现半遮蔽状态等原因,导致目标识别准确率低下。此外由于景深运动,远端海参作为小目标常常未被识别成功。为解决上述问题,该研究提出一种基于改进SSD网络的海参目标检测算法。首先通过RFB（Receptive Field Block）模块扩大浅层特征感受野,利用膨胀卷积对特征图进行下采样,增加海参细节、位置等信息,并结合注意力机制,对不同深度特征进行强化,将计算得出的权重与原特征信息相乘以此获得特征图,使结果包含最具代表性的特征,也抑制无关特征。最后实现特征图融合,进一步提升水下海参的识别精度。以实际拍摄的视频进行测试验证,在网络结构层面上,对传统算法进行改进。试验结果表明,基于改进的SSD网络的海参目标检测算法的平均精度均值为95.63%,检测帧速为10.70帧/s,相较于传统的SSD算法,在平均精度均值提高3.85个百分点的同时检测帧速仅减少2.8帧/s。与Faster R-CNN算法和YOLOv4算法进行对比试验,该研究算法在平均精度均值指标上,分别比YOLOv4、Faster R-CNN算法提高4.19个百分点、1.74个百分点。在检测速度方面,该研究算法较YOLOv4、Faster R-CNN算法分别低4.6帧/s、高3.95帧/s,试验结果表明,综合考虑准确率与运行速度,改进后的SSD算法较适合进行海参智能捕捞任务。研究结果为海参智能捕捞提供参考。     

力竭追赶训练对中华倒刺鲃自由基清除能力的影响

为探讨鱼类力竭运动后代谢水平的恢复情况,以黑鲷(Sparus macrocephlus)为实验对象,用手持续逆流追赶黑鲷幼鱼使其做力竭运动。结果显示,全长8.9~9.9 cm的黑鲷幼鱼力竭运动后,不同恢复时间血清中的乳酸(LD)和血糖(GLU)浓度,以及谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、琥珀脱氢酶(SDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)和己糖激酶(HK)活性均有极显著变化(P<0.01)。力竭运动后第0小时,血清中的LD和GLU浓度及AST、ALT、SDH、LDH、PK、HK活性均显著升高(P<0.05);力竭运动后第4小时,血清中的LD浓度基本恢复到对照组水平(P>0.05);力竭运动后第16小时,血清中的SDH、HK、PK、AST活性恢复至对照组水平(P>0.05),但血清中的GLU浓度及LDH、ALT活性水平仍低于对照组(P<0.05),这表明黑鲷幼鱼力竭运动后第0到第4小时处于应激反应中,其无氧代谢水平得到短时提高。从血乳酸恢复水平上看,黑鲷幼鱼在首次力竭运动后4 h可再次进行力竭运动,但血糖检测结果显示此后无氧代谢耐力降低。     

皱纹盘鲍浅海养殖技术探讨

从北方引进皱纹盘鲍子一代杂交种苗,在罗源湾岗屿周边海域养殖,经过2年的试养取得可喜结果,解决了现有盘鲍种质严重退化的棘手问题,改善了鲍的种质。     

践行大食物观: 以科技创新引领渔业高质量发展

深海抗风浪网箱养殖区别于传统近海网箱、围栏等养殖方式,适合发展高经济价值的鱼类养殖,现已成为沿海渔民转产转业的重要方向。为缓解近岸养殖压力、拓宽深海水域养殖,基于中国海域养殖条件,设计了一种可以应对恶劣海况条件的新型复式抗风浪深海养殖网箱。该网箱放弃了传统的浮架和浮圈结构,采用双浮筒可调节结构,以适应不同海域海浪状况,减少因刚性连接而发生的中拱和中垂现象;此外,浮筒与立体浮框连接而成的垂荡体可以提供较大的垂荡以及纵向摇摆阻尼,控制网箱的运动幅度。同时采用莫里森公式和伯努利方程对网箱承受的风、浪、流等环境载荷进行受力计算,并与传统高密度聚乙烯 (High density polyethylene, HDPE) 网箱进行对比,结果显示新型复式抗风浪网箱比传统HDPE网箱更能承受海洋中的环境负载。研究结果为后续研究和发展大型抗风浪网箱养殖提供了设计参考。