浅议卫星遥感在森林资源清查中的应用

本文综述了卫星遥感在我国森林资源调查中的应用概况,并结合实践讨论了卫星遥感应用于森林资源调查的可能性.     

热带地区再生资源航天感遥调查的研究

本文介绍了热带地区再生资源航天遥感调查的研究方法。该研究制定了适用于航天遥感调查的热带地区再生资源分类系统。采用了由VAX计算机和S600软件组成的IIS Model75图象处理系统,对新一代卫星数据(Landsat—TM_2、TM_3、TM_4;Spot—XS_1XS_2、XS_3)进行了几何校正,直方图均衡化和假彩色合成等处理。以森林生态学为导向,在地面抽样数据的支撑下,辅以特殊地段的航片对处理后的卫星影象进行半读分析。在此基础上,编制出了以森林资源为主体的再生资源分布图。不仅为西双版纳再生资源的保护和管理提供了重要的基础数据,而且还表明了航天遥感是进行热带地区再生资源调查的一种经济而有效的技术手段。     

Vertical habitat use of sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific,derived from pop‐up satellite archival tag data

Vertical habitat use of sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) was evaluated using pop‐up satellite archival tag data from the eastern tropical Atlantic, western North Atlantic, and eastern tropical Pacific. Data included Argos transmitted depth, temperature, and light level frequency histograms binned at 1–8‐h intervals, and four recovered pop‐up satellite archival tags that provided high resolution archival data recorded at 30‐s intervals. We tabulated the proportions of time spent within each degree of water temperature relative to the surface temperature (Delta T) and proportions of time at temperature, as these are major input variables for habitat standardization models used in stock assessment procedures. Frequency distributions were calculated for daylight, darkness, and twilight for each of the three regions and for all regions combined. Vertical habitat envelopes indicated greater use of deeper strata in the western North Atlantic, compared to the hypoxia‐based habitat compressed regions of the eastern Atlantic and Pacific. However, there were no significant differences in Delta T distributions when comparing the three regions, affirming this metric for its application in habitat standardization models.     

Designing satellite tagging studies: estimating and optimizing data recovery

Satellite telemetry is used routinely to collect and transmit movement, behaviour and environmental data from free‐ranging animals. Satellite tags (hereafter SATs) are essential for collecting in situ data from animals where manual retrieval of a data logger is impossible. The collected data is fundamental for scientific and many management applications. However, the amount of data a SAT can transmit is limited by its battery life, transmission opportunities, bandwidth and satellite coverage. When designing a SAT study, these factors should be taken into account to ensure that limited transmissions are utilized as effectively as possible. In this paper we present a theoretical discussion of the factors that influence the data transmission and present tools for designing effective SAT studies. We calculate the optimal sampling period for the tag given its expected lifetime and regional variation in satellite coverage. Taking these factors into account allows prediction of the expected number of tags required to meet targets for a deployment. These methods are applied to a case study of a highly migratory pelagic fish tagged with popup archival satellite tags (PSATs). Our findings will be useful for SAT study design in general and demonstrate an approach which can reduce the ad hoc nature of SAT deployments.     

Tracking escaped Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) aggregated around Norwegian farms: Considerations for management strategies

To examine site fidelity and potential for ecosystem impacts, 20 escapee cod (Gadus morhua L.) from fjord‐based cod farms were tagged with acoustic transmitters, released in the vicinity of the same farm, and their subsequent behaviour and survival monitored using a fixed array of acoustic receivers. Most individuals demonstrated high fidelity to their farm where tagged, and this increased during the polar night. Only five individuals (25%) were occasionally detected at another farm (4 km distance), and only three cod (15%) migrated out of the fjord during the 6‐month study period. Vertical movements were consistently greater in the hours around noon than at night, a behaviour inconsistent with that observed for wild fish. A high mortality rate (40%) was observed during the first 4 months post‐release, and actual mortality may have been even higher, limiting the potential for negative ecosystem effects from cod escapees. Findings from this study are used to discuss the development of recapture strategies for minimising potential impacts from cod escapees to ensure sustainable farming activity.     

Release during night enhances survival of wild Atlantic salmon smolts

The effect of nocturnal and diurnal releases on survival and migration of wild and hatchery‐reared Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, L., smolts (n = 82) was investigated by releasing acoustically tagged smolts at the lower end of the River Vosso, Norway. Hatchery smolts was registered in the estuary within hours of their release, whereas wild smolts migrated over a prolonged period. The time of estuary exit was affected by river discharge but not by time of release. Progression rates were slow through the estuary (0.25 BL/s ± 0.18 SD) and fast through the fjord (1.80 BL/s ± 0.69 SD), and they were not affected by the time of release or origin. Survival to the fjord was low (0%–15%). Survival was not affected by body length but was lower for wild smolts than for hatchery smolts, and survival of the former was lower when the fish were released in daylight.     

白莲二次航天搭载的选育研究

经二次航天搭载后 ,白莲种子SP1代产生广谱分离 ,其生物习性、形态特征及经济生状等出现较大变异 ,其中花型由单瓣变为重瓣或半重瓣 ,并出现部分种子只长立叶 ,不开花 ,部分种子只开花不结蓬、部分种子结蓬后不能正常成熟的现象 ,也出现种子单缸现蕾 9朵 ,花期始蕾期提前 7～ 2 2d ,种子最大单粒重达 1 85g的优良变异 ,这是采用常规育种很少出现的情况     

基于加权算法的空-天遥感升尺度土壤含盐量监测模型

利用无人机-卫星遥感升尺度转换方法可以有效提高土壤含盐量监测精度。以内蒙古河套灌区沙壕渠灌域为研究区,4月裸土期表层土壤为研究对象,分别采用主导变异权重法、局部平均法和最邻近法将试验区无人机4波段影像(0.1m)升尺度至与GF-1卫星(16m)同一尺度,引入3种变量组合作为模型输入变量并利用多元线性回归模型（Multivariable linear regression,MLR）和BP神经网络模型（Back propagation neural networks,BPNN）构建不同数据源关于土壤含盐量的定量监测模型。在此基础上,采用波段比值均值法对GF-1卫星数据进行修正,实现基于卫星因子的研究区土壤盐分升尺度反演。结果表明,经统计指标评价后得出主导变异权重法在4块试验区针对4波段影像的尺度转换效果总体上优于其他2种转换方法;3种无人机-卫星遥感升尺度转换方法中,主导变异权重法监测效果最佳,局部平均法次之,最邻近法效果最差;对筛选得到的2个模型进行升尺度修正,得到验证效果最佳的监测模型为基于混合变量组的多元线性回归模型,其R2v为0.420,RMSEv为0.219%,比直接采用GF-1卫星数据得到的混合变量组多元线性回归模型R2v高0.217,RMSEv低0.013个百分点。本文研究结果可为卫星、无人机多光谱遥感一体化监测裸土期农田土壤含盐量提供参考。     

Space use and inferred spawning activity of three exploited gamefish species on a large artificial reef

Intense fishing pressure has led to changes in species composition, demography and the over‐exploitation of many coastal fishes. To restore populations, artificial reefs (ARs) are used with the assumption that new habitat will increase fish productivity. Kelp bass (Paralabrax clathratus), barred sand bass (P. nebulifer) and California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) are three important recreational gamefish species in southern California. Home ranging behaviour, space use and spawning‐related activity of these three species were quantified on a large AR. Kelp bass used the largest amount of area, but space use was similar among species. While no spawning behaviour could be determined for sheephead, kelp bass exhibited two different activity patterns during spawning months and barred sand bass migrated (indicative of spawning). Results of this study indicate that this large AR is providing suitable habitat for these species, and spawning‐related activity could be a sign that this AR is meeting essential life history demands.