用判别函数进行鱼类种群鉴别的计算机程序实现方法

用判别函数进行鱼类种群鉴别的计算机程序实现方法陈卫忠，李长松（东海水产研究所，上海２０００９０）关键词判别函数，鱼类种群，鉴别，计算机程序ＡＣＯＭＰＵＴＥＲＩＺＥＤＡＰＰＲＯＡＣＨＴＯＩＤＥＮＴＩＦＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＦＩＳＨＰＯＰＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＢＡＳ...     

主要气象因子对哈巴河县草地螟种群数量变动的影响

【目的】研究主要气象因子与草地螟种群数量变动的相关关系。【方法】2015和2016年通过诱虫灯,在哈巴河县研究主要气象因子对草地螟种群数量变动的影响,并进行系统分析。【结果】6月中旬和7月中旬草地螟越冬代成虫和第一代成虫达到种群数量的高峰期。逐步回归分析得知,平均温度、最高温度、最低温度、平均空气相对湿度、日照时数和降雨量是影响草地螟种群数量变动的主要气象因子。最高温度、最低温度的增大,限制草地螟数量的增多。【结论】哈巴河县6~8月的平均空气相对湿度和平均温度有利于草地螟生长发育,故该时期是草地螟在研究区域猖獗发生期。     

禾谷丝核菌基因组SSR标记的开发及评价

群体遗传学研究对于了解病原菌的流行、变异及进化规律具有重要意义。但是到目前为止,对小麦纹枯病菌禾谷丝核菌群体遗传结构的了解并不深入,缺乏有效的SSR标记是主要原因。本研究根据禾谷丝核菌全基因组序列进行了微卫星位点搜索并设计SSR引物,通过电泳筛选和测序验证,最终筛选出12个多态性较好且稳定可靠的SSR标记。利用这些标记对收集自我国安徽、江苏、河南三省的23个禾谷丝核菌菌株进行了多态性分析,结果发现禾谷丝核菌基因组中长片段微卫星位点较少。12对引物扩增出的等位基因数平均为6.1个,期望杂合度平均为0.651,观测杂合度平均为0.508,表明这些标记具有较高的多态性,能够满足禾谷丝核菌群体遗传学研究需要。本研究为进一步进行禾谷丝核菌的多样性、群体遗传结构分析及进化学研究提供了有效工具。     

额济纳绿洲胡杨种群结构与分布格局研究

在内蒙古阿拉善盟额济纳旗一道桥、二道桥、三道桥、和四道桥的胡杨自然保护区内设置9个10m×10m样地,应用相邻格子法进行每木调查,并对胡杨(Populus euphratica)种群结构和分布格局进行了分析。结果表明:胡杨的种群结构为衰退型,幼苗、幼树和中龄树数量较小。额济纳胡杨种群整体分布格局为聚集分布,随着径级的增大其分布格局呈现规律性变化,幼小植群呈强聚集分布,大树倾向于随机分布,中龄树和成年树由聚集分布向随机分布过度。     

我国主要松树诱导抗虫性的一些规律比较

该文以马尾松、油松、华北落叶松3种我国主要针叶树为对象,分析比较了3种松树在受松毛虫危害后,所产生的迅速诱导抗性和滞后诱导抗性;研究了取食相应的受害针叶后,其生长发育情况的变化;探讨了松树诱导抗性对松毛虫种群动态的作用过程,总结了我国主要松树诱导抗性的一般规律,为分析松毛虫发生机理及松毛虫综合管理提供理论依据.     

Effects of time and concentration on mortality of phosphine-resistant Sitophilus oryzae (L) fumigated with phosphine

The effects of exposure period and phosphine concentration on mortality of susceptible and resistant Sitophilus oryzae (L) were investigated. Although S oryzae is one of the world's most serious pests of stored grain there are few data on the practical significance of phosphine resistance in this species. The strains investigated were an Australian susceptible strain, a homozygous resistant strain exhibiting a level of resistance common in Australia and an unselected field strain from China with a much stronger resistance. Fumigations were carried out at 25 degrees C on adults and mixed-age cultures. For adults of all three strains and mixed-age cultures of the susceptible and resistant Australian strains, the relationship between concentration and time could be described by equations of the form Cnt = k. In all cases n < 1, indicating that time was a more important variable than concentration. In all fumigations of adults the resistant strains were harder to kill than the susceptible strain. However, in fumigations of mixed-age cultures, which contained the tolerant pupal stage, the difference between susceptible and resistant strains was more pronounced at lower concentrations than higher concentrations. For example, at 0.02 mg litre-1 the estimated LT99.9 for mixed-age cultures of the Australian resistant strain (27 days) is 3.4 times that of the susceptible strain (8 days), but at 1 mg litre-1 there is no difference between the two strains (4 days). Limited data on the Chinese resistant strain supported this finding. Twenty-three days exposure at 0.02 mg litre-1 had no effect on mixed-age cultures of this strain, but there were no survivors after 5 days exposure to 1 mg litre-1.     

牛姆林区青钱柳群落的主要种群种间关联特征

通过一系列种间关联测定技术 (方差比率 ( VR)法检验多物种间总体相关性、χ2 检验各种对间的联结性、关联指数测度各种对间的关联程度 )对青钱柳群落的 1 2个主要乔木种群的 1 2个主要种群的种间关联分别进行检验与测度 ,结果表明 :青钱柳群落的 1 2个主要乔木种群间在总体上表现出无关联 ,各种对间的联结性不显著 ,关联程度也较低 ,各自趋于独立出现 ,这种“松散”状况可能与该群落处于过熟发展阶段有关     

人工接种堆肥和自然堆肥微生物区系变化的比较

[目的]为了明确堆肥过程中微生物菌群的组成与变化,为堆肥工艺的优化和人工接种腐熟菌群的应用提供理论依据。[方法]采用传统的平板培养技术研究了人工接种堆肥、自然堆肥微生物群落演变过程。[结果]传统培养方法显示两种堆肥过程中微生物群落演变均呈"升高-降低-升高-降低"变化,堆肥整个过程中细菌数量占优势;人工接种NMF菌群增加了堆肥中微生物总体数量,丰富了微生物种群多样性,促进了堆肥菌群演替,堆肥腐熟时间缩短;接种NMF菌群能够提高堆肥纤维素分解菌、放线菌、氨化细菌、硝化细菌数量,减少堆肥反硝化作用,有利于纤维素、木质素等难降解物质的分解、转化为腐殖质,同时能够减少堆肥过程中氮素损失。[结论]研究堆肥过程中微生物区系的演变对于了解堆肥进程、优化堆肥工艺具有重要的意义。     

Evaluation of 12-month interval methods for estimating animal-times at risk in a traditional African livestock farming system

Demographic parameters are useful for assessing productivity and dynamics of tropical livestock populations. Common parameters are the annual instantaneous hazard rates, which can be estimated by m/T (where m represents the number of the considered demographic events occurred during the year and T the cumulated animal-time at risk). Different approaches are encountered in the literature for computing T from on-farm survey data. One crude approach (“the 12-month interval approach”) only uses estimations of herds’ sizes at beginning and end of the year and aggregated counts of demographic events over the year. I evaluated the potential biases in using four 12-month interval methods (M1–M4) to estimate T. Biases were evaluated by comparing the 12-month estimates to gold-standard values of T. Data came from long-term herd monitoring on cattle and small ruminants in extensive agro-pastoral systems. Animal-times at risks were correctly estimated in average by methods M1, M2 and M4 (average relative biases <=6% in absolute values), except for adult-male small ruminants. For young animals, M2 and M4 showed equivalent biases. M2 is simple to implement and has the advantage of being applicable for any age-group, although M4 is only applicable for young animals. M3 was highly biased and I do not recommend it. Although accurate in average, 12-month interval methods showed highly variable biases. This variability results from interactions between the dates delimiting the 12-month interval and the distributions of the demographic events over time. This phenomenon is particularly important for the adult-male small ruminants. Based on the bias variability observed in the study, the user of 12-month interval methods has to remember that they only provide approximate results and that they cannot completely replace the gold-standard approaches.